The position and role of students in the national curriculum decision-making process in Korea have gradually expanded over time. This expansion can be understood as a result of persistent critiques of traditional educational practices that positioned ...
The position and role of students in the national curriculum decision-making process in Korea have gradually expanded over time. This expansion can be understood as a result of persistent critiques of traditional educational practices that positioned students merely as passive objects. However, as this shift has recently extended into ‘student agency’ discourse, Korean scholars have increasingly raised concerns that the 2022 Revised Curriculum, while emphasizing students’ autonomy, proactivity, and self-direction, risks over-accentuating characteristics aligned with the modern, self-determining subject.
In this regard, research has grown rapidly on the perspectives on students presupposed in the discourse of student agency, a concept that gained prominence with the implementation of the 2022 Revised Curriculum. Yet it appears that such research has not advanced to the point of closely analyzing what perspectives on students are presupposed in the policy of the High School Credit System. Accordingly, it is timely to move beyond analyzing the perspectives on students presupposed in the concept of student agency, and to closely examine those embedded in the policy of the High School Credit System. This study aimed to examine the perspective on students embedded in High School Credit System policy documents by analyzing the position and role of students presented within them, and subsequently interpreting these findings through Judith Butler’s theory of vulnerability. To achieve the aim, the study addressed two research questions using qualitative content analysis method.
1) What perspectives on the students are presented in High School Credit System policy documents?
2) Regarding these student perspectives, what issues arise from Butler’s discussion of vulnerability?
The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, students occupy two positions in High School Credit System policy documents. The first position was that of being central in curriculum operation. This central position of students in curriculum operation is evident in the fact that demand of students becomes the basis for opening elective subjects, enabling students to choose subjects and levels they want, and in the fact that the evaluation system has shifted from competition and selection-oriented assessment toward an achievement-based system aimed at individual student growth.
Another position was that of being outside standardized education. The policy views the previous form of education—where students learned in a single classroom-based school space, followed predetermined timetables organized by the school, and were evaluated according to standardized criteria—as having produced negative consequences such as excessive competition for entrance examinations. It was believed that the introduction of the High School Credit System would allow students to break away from such education. This is attributed to the fact that individualized timetable becomes possible depending on subject selection, and consequently, each student’s learning locations and modes of instruction(whether face-to-face or online) may also differ.
Meanwhile, the roles required of students in the policy documents could be divided into two. The first role was to conduct career planning and academic design corresponding to it. The policy viewed that students should be able to autonomously choose elective subjects they want. In this case, subject choice was expected not merely at the level of interest, but in a direction aligned with students’ career paths and aptitudes. Accordingly, before selecting elective subjects, students assume the role of freely exploring their own aptitudes and interests and, based on that exploration, independently envisioning their career and academic pathways.
The second role was to execute and manage individualized academic plans. The policy expected students to independently manage their academic plans so that the career- and aptitude-based plans they established could be carried out smoothly. Although tasks such as arranging the overarching structure of timetables are assigned to schools and teachers, this premise was grounded in the assumption that students would be able to independently perform activities such as transitioning between elective classes, resting, or exchanging textbooks and materials during breaks. Furthermore, the fact that performance in elective subjects is directly connected to graduation requirements implies that students themselves are expected to manage their studies so that they fulfill graduation requirements through the subjects they have selected.
Based on the above analysis of the position and role of students, two types of perspectives on students could be derived. The first perspective was that students are viewed as “beings who freely form the path of their lives.” This perspective on the student originated from a policy intention to respond to the uncertainty of future society and to guarantee the growth and happiness of all students, while seeking to overcome the limitations of existing rigid and uniform educational approaches and to explore a new educational paradigm. The second perspective on students was that students are viewed as “beings who manage learning proactively and responsibly”. This appeared to be closely related to the recent reflection of international discourses that emphasize students’ choice and responsibility within the High School Credit System policy.
According to the second finding, three critical points can be raised regarding the perspectives on students revealed in the High School Credit System policy documents when examined in light of Butler’s discussion of vulnerability. First, the perspectives on the student embedded in the policy documents appeared to effectively require students, upon entering high school, to articulate a specific desired occupation and major field and to sustain this trajectory consistently. However, from the standpoint of Butler’s discussion of vulnerability, such a view can be seen as insufficiently accounting for the uncertainty of life that individuals inevitably encounter—an uncertainty that is unavoidably produced and intensified through the influence of others and surrounding conditions. In response, this study argued that it is necessary to recognize the uncertainty inherent in the lives students will live and to view students not as entities who move in a straight line toward an early-specified career path, but rather as individuals who continuously and repeatedly reconfigure their career and academic pathways throughout the course of their lives.
Next, the perspectives on the student presented in the policy documents showed a tendency to expect students to assume various forms of autonomous action, including career decision-making. Although support measures were described in this regard, there remained room for criticism in that their primary focus remained on mitigating conditions that constrain autonomy. Accordingly, based on Butler’s discussion of vulnerability, this study argued for rejecting a linear view that assumes students can perform autonomous actions without difficulty merely due to the existence of support mechanisms. Instead, this study emphasized the need to move toward acknowledging that students are beings who continue to live with instability even when such support mechanisms are in place.
Finally, within the perspectives on the student articulated in the policy documents, the autonomy granted to students tended to be framed as leading directly to the responsibility they must bear, or to the consequences that follow their choices. While responsibility for one’s actions carries important meaning in many contexts including learning, this study suggests that an excessive emphasis on individual responsibility risks overlooking the forms of responsibility that students must cultivate within relationships with others and within the broader community. In response, this study argued that, based on Butler’s discussion of vulnerability, it is necessary to expand the understanding of students as entities who recognize and practice responsibility that is unavoidably borne within relationships with others.
The significance of this study lies in the fact that it explicitly revealed the perspectives on students in the High School Credit System policy documents, thereby showing more concrete forms of student perspectives suggested in previous research and developing critical discussions on them. In addition, this study, by conducting a theoretical investigation into the genealogy of student-centered and student-agency discourse prior to the main analysis, made possible a more refined critical discussion of perspectives on students implied in the High School Credit System.
However, this study has limitations arising from its subject of analysis, focus, and theoretical basis. First, as the subject of analysis was limited to policy documents, this study was restricted to understanding the perspectives on students only at the level of policy texts. Therefore, future research needs to investigate how the High School Credit System is actually implemented in practice and how students perceive their own positions and roles within that context. Second, this study focused on the positions and roles of ‘students’ and limited itself to analyzing perspectives on students presupposed in the policy. However, considering how policy functions in reality, the position and role of teachers are no less important. Thus, future studies need to analyze the positions and roles of teachers and students together to gain a more multidimensional understanding of perspectives on students found in the policy. The third limitation is that the critical discussion on student perspectives was conducted based on Butler’s discussion of vulnerability. Butler was suitable to this concern in that she addresses the relationship between vulnerability and autonomy and reinterprets autonomy and responsibility in a new way. However, future studies require critical examinations not only through Butler’s view but also through various theoretical lenses for a richer understanding of perspectives on students within the High School Credit System.