This study examines the services of matchmaking companies in South Korea, the labor of couple managers(matchmakers), and local government–led dating programs, focusing on how the market and the state intervene in the domain of intimacy through match...
This study examines the services of matchmaking companies in South Korea, the labor of couple managers(matchmakers), and local government–led dating programs, focusing on how the market and the state intervene in the domain of intimacy through matchmaking services. From maepa(매파, matchmakers in the Joseon dynasty) to madam ttu(마담뚜) and marriage counseling offices, and extending to contemporary matchmaking companies, intermediaries who mediate love and marriage have historically persisted in Korean society. Yet as the dominant form of marriage has gradually shifted from arranged marriages to love marriages, the practices of matchmakers who connect individuals or families have largely been overlooked in existing discussions of intimacy. Consequently, in studies addressing changing forms of intimacy in South Korea, matchmaking services such as matchmaking companies have either received little attention or have been represented merely as calculative and materialistic spaces dominated by market logic. Against this backdrop, this study aims to analyze the concrete ways in which the services of matchmaking companies and public dating programs engage with and intervene in individuals’ intimate relationships through mediation practices.
To this end, this study explains, through the concept of “intimacy optimization,” how matchmaking companies, couple managers, and the state’s matchmaking activities each reconfigure intimacy as a domain that requires external management and regulation in accordance with their respective objectives. This concept moves beyond explanations that reduce transformations of intimacy to the natural outcome of market expansion or neoliberal rationality, and instead examines how intimacy is adjusted and produced as an “optimal” state through the specific strategies and practices of multiple actors external to intimate relationships.
Emerging in South Korea in the mid-1980s, the services of matchmaking companies are not one-off transactions but processes sustained through ongoing interaction and relationship building between firms and clients. This study analyzes these services by dividing them into three stages: “consultation and membership registration,” “matching, dating, and feedback,” and “marriage and success payments.” These matchmaking systems are operated and maintained through the everyday labor of couple managers. By employing the broad concept of “matchmaking labor,” this study demonstrates that the production of intimacy within Korea’s dating and marriage market is not an automatic or structural transformation, but rather a process actively shaped through the specialized skills and practices of couple managers.
Within matchmaking companies, actual matchmaking is carried out by couple managers, who are regarded as experts in dating and marriage. They assess individual clients’ circumstances and conditions and search for potential partners who can maximize satisfaction within those constraints. The transformation of the intimate domains of love and marriage into objects that can be optimized through market services necessarily involves the labor of couple managers, who maintain close relationships with clients and attentively interpret their personalities and demands. This process extends beyond the mere introduction of profiles, relying instead on persuasion, coordination, and mediation by couple managers. Moreover, the emphasis on speed and efficiency in matchmaking services, alongside partial intervention in the emotional interactions between clients, illustrates how processes of love and courtship traditionally regarded as personal and intimate come to be managed by external experts and market services.
Meanwhile, amid demographic crisis discourses surrounding low fertility and population aging, the central and local governments implement dating programs that partially emulate the services of matchmaking companies. These programs typically aim to increase marriage and birth rates by providing young unmarried men and women with policy-driven opportunities for “natural” encounters, thereby incorporating matchmaking into population policy. Despite their differing institutional contexts, private matchmaking services and public dating programs share a common problematization of love and marriage as domains requiring external intervention and management. In this process, intimate relationships are framed as objects that can be guided toward the most desirable and efficient outcomes through external oversight, evaluation, and intervention thus becoming targets of optimization.
Through these discussions, this study suggests that the process of intimacy optimization, shaped by the marriage industry and state population policies, operates differentially across hierarchical conditions such as assets, education, occupation, and family background, and serves as a mechanism through which instrumental responses to demographic crises associated with economic, industrial, and fiscal challenges are enacted. Finally, this study reveals that within the process of intimacy optimization, dating and marriage are framed as matters of individual choice, while personal desires are in practice aligned according to hierarchies of value structured by class-based conditions and market logic, thereby constraining both the possibilities and imaginaries of intimate relationships.