The continual increase in plastic waste has exacerbated environmental challenges. As a solution, chemical recycling has gained attention for curbing additional carbon inputs into the circulation and for substituting petroleum-based processes. The valo...
The continual increase in plastic waste has exacerbated environmental challenges. As a solution, chemical recycling has gained attention for curbing additional carbon inputs into the circulation and for substituting petroleum-based processes. The valorization of polyolefin waste is particularly important, given that polyolefins represent more than 50% of total plastic production. Pyrolysis is a commercial technology for polyolefin recycling, but it is constrained by high temperatures and the generation of olefin-rich product streams. Low temperature hydrogenolysis and alkane metathesis have been investigated as alternatives, yet their economic viability remains limited by the need for high pressure hydrogen and the use of platinum group catalysts. Consequently, zeolite based catalytic cracking and hydrocracking, which cleave main chain C–C bonds via β-scission under milder conditions, have emerged as promising options. However, catalyst development has relied largely on closed batch reactors that are useful for catalysts screening but show limitations for process scale up.
This study aims to achieve efficient low-temperature upcycling of polyolefin waste by integrating catalyst and reactor configuration optimization. We precisely tuned intrinsic properties of *BEA-type zeolites and coupled them with an open-batch distillation reactor. Zeolite beta series decoupled across Micro, Submicro, and Nano crystal within Si/Al 10–30 were synthesized and characterized, confirming that smaller crystals exhibit substantially larger external surface areas. From the perspective of metal to support interactions, an increased density of external surface defects provided anchoring sites that raised Ru nanoparticle dispersion from 3.8% in Micro to 17.9% in Nano. Thus, decreasing crystal size strengthened hydrogen activation, enhanced bifunctional synergy, and simultaneously improved active metal dispersion and reactant accessibility. On the reactor side, we implemented an open-batch distillation system that removes intermediates in real time and condenses them, thereby suppressing overcracking and coke formation. Compared with a conventional closed-batch reactor, conversion increased from 38.3% to 52.2% and liquid selectivity rose from 44.9% to 64.2%. The carrier gas flow exhibited an optimum for conversion and liquid selectivity, while excessive flow reduced liquid selectivity due to condensation limits, demonstrating that reactor design and operation can govern catalytic activity and selectivity. With the proposed catalyst and reactor configuration integration, polyethylene catalytic cracking at 330 °C using Nano zeolite beta achieved conversion of 83.9% and liquid selectivity of 70.1%. Extending this approach, hydrocracking at 280 °C with Ru/Beta under high pressure hydrogen afforded PE conversion of 84% and liquid selectivity of 53.4%. These results provide design guidelines for next generation catalysts and reactor systems that enable low-temperature recycling of plastic waste.