Viral pathogens remain a major threat to public health, and robust disinfection technologies that are effective under variable water quality and light availability are required. In this study, an electrochemically regenerable Ti(III) self-doped TiO2 l...
Viral pathogens remain a major threat to public health, and robust disinfection technologies that are effective under variable water quality and light availability are required. In this study, an electrochemically regenerable Ti(III) self-doped TiO2 layer, referred to as a blue TiO2 layer (BTL), was combined with Cu(II) to achieve virucidal activity under dark conditions. The BTL was prepared by cathodic polarization of an anodically grown anatase TiO2 layer (TL), which endowed the film with a high density of Ti(III) states and enhanced electronic conductivity. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed that TL and BTL shared similar anatase crystal structures and layer thicknesses, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated higher Ti(III)/Ti(IV) ratio in BTL.
MS2 bacteriophage was used as a model virus to evaluate virucidal performance. The BTL/Cu(II) system achieved rapid MS2 inactivation in the absence of light, whereas TL, TL/Cu(II), and BTL alone showed negligible or limited activity. Additive experiments with a Cu chelating agent, dissolved oxygen removal, and hydroxyl radical scavenging revealed that Cu species and H2O2 generation were essential for inactivation, while hydroxyl radicals played a minor role. Independent measurements demonstrated that BTL reduced Cu(II) to Cu(I) and generated H2O2 by oxygen reduction, enabling the in situ formation of a Cu(I)/H2O2 disinfection system under dark conditions. Electrochemical analyses further showed that BTL possessed higher donor density and lower charge transfer resistance than TL, and that its virucidal activity could be restored by repeated electrochemical regeneration. These results highlight Ti(III) self-doped TiO2 as a rechargeable electron reservoir that activates Cu based disinfection without external light input.