This thesis explores how South Korean elementary school teachers conceptualize and enact multicultural education within rapidly diversifying classroom. Against the backdrop of Korea’s demographic transition and policy reforms since the mid-2000s, th...
This thesis explores how South Korean elementary school teachers conceptualize and enact multicultural education within rapidly diversifying classroom. Against the backdrop of Korea’s demographic transition and policy reforms since the mid-2000s, the study examines how teachers’ practices align with diverse orientations to multicultural education. While national discourse often frames multicultural education in linear developmental terms, this study reveals that teachers’ orientations are far more fluid, relational and context-dependent than current policy frameworks assume.
The guiding research question of the study is: “How do South Korean elementary school teachers conceptualize and enact multicultural education, and how do their orientations influence their pedagogical practices?”. This qualitative research employs a multi-method case study design combining document analysis, classroom artifact review and semi-structured interviews with eight elementary teachers in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon. This study draws upon the Liberal-Critical-Postcritical continuum as an analytical lens to map teachers’ diverse practices and orientations. The study maps the complex, overlapping and sometimes contradictory orientations teachers mobilize when responding to student needs, institutional expectations and sociopolitical pressures.
This thesis concludes that effective multicultural education in Korea requires supporting teachers’ critical and postcritical consciousness to cultivate the ability to interrogate systemic inequality, embrace epistemic plurality and design relational pedagogies grounded in care and ethical co-becoming. Through such reflective practice, teachers can move beyond symbolic inclusion toward building classrooms that nurture belonging and intercultural coexistence. The implication of this study extends to teacher education, curriculum reform and national policy. The findings underscore the need for increased curricular flexibility and professional development that supports reflexivity rather than mere technical competency. This study also makes an original contribution by applying a postcritical lens to Korean multicultural education, a perspective largely absent in existing literature. Overall, this research contributes to ongoing dialogues on equity-oriented, relational and postcritical approaches to multicultural education in rapidly diversifying Korean elementary schools.