Innate-like CD8 T cells are rapidly activated and develop in a cytokine-dependent manner, even in the absence of antigen exposure. However, thymic development and functional characteristics of this population remain poorly understood in humans and non...
Innate-like CD8 T cells are rapidly activated and develop in a cytokine-dependent manner, even in the absence of antigen exposure. However, thymic development and functional characteristics of this population remain poorly understood in humans and nonhuman primates compared with mice. Moreover, the in vivo cytokine-dependent regulation of this population has not been fully characterized in mice.
In this study, the thymic development of innate-like CD8 T cells was analyzed in cynomolgus macaques based on CD1b expression. In the macaque thymus, IL-4-producing PLZF⁺ thymocytes were predominantly observed at the immature double-positive stage. EOMES⁺ CD8 single-positive thymocytes with a memory-like phenotype were identified at later stages of thymic development, among which a subset expressing NKG2A/C exhibited innate-like features. Single-cell RNA sequencing of thymocytes revealed that this population originated from thymocytes receiving strong T cell receptor signals and diverged into the agonist selection pathway. Their thymic development was also associated with IL-4 and IL-15 signaling. In the periphery, NKG2A/C⁺ CD8 T cells similar to the thymic population were observed, and their proliferation as well as IFN-γ and TNF-α production were enhanced by IL-15 in the absence of TCR stimulation.
In mice, the cytokine-mediated regulation of virtual memory (VM) T cells within the innate-like CD8 T cell population was investigated in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that IL-4 plays a critical role in VM T cell development. Treatment with exogenous IL-4 complex increased the VM T cell population in vivo but reduced the proportion of the effector Ly6C⁺Sca-1⁺ VM subset. In contrast, treatment with IL-15 complex induced biased differentiation toward the effector Ly6C⁺Sca-1⁺ VM subset, thereby enhancing the effector functions of VM T cells. In a thioacetamide-induced liver inflammation model established to evaluate the immunopathological role of IL-15–induced VM T cells, IL-15 complex pretreatment markedly increased hepatic infiltration of effector Ly6C⁺Sca-1⁺ VM T cells characterized by high NKG2D expression and low PD-1 expression. The recruitment of these cells consequently contributed to liver inflammation.
Overall, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the development, cytokine regulation, and functional characteristics of innate-like CD8 T cells in both nonhuman primates and mice.