Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an increasingly prevalent global health challenge, yet effective pharmacological interventions remain limited. Despite advances in the understanding of disease mechanisms, current t...
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an increasingly prevalent global health challenge, yet effective pharmacological interventions remain limited. Despite advances in the understanding of disease mechanisms, current therapeutic strategies have shown only partial efficacy, underscoring the urgent need for novel approaches. This study focused on the development and biological validation of a dual-enzyme nanoparticle system designed to simultaneously regulate glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in hepatocytes. My primary contribution was to perform in vitro and in vivo experiments that establish the biological efficacy and mechanistic relevance of this system.
At the cellular level, AML12 hepatocytes were employed to evaluate nanoparticle uptake, safety, and functional activity. Cytotoxicity testing confirmed the biocompatibility of the particles. Galactose modification promoted selective uptake into hepatocytes through asialoglycoprotein receptor–mediated endocytosis, thereby ensuring targeted delivery. Importantly, co-encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOD) and catalase (CAT) enabled simultaneous glucose depletion and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Fluorometric assays revealed that GOD alone induced H₂O₂ accumulation, whereas dual loading with CAT effectively scavenged H₂O₂ in a dose-dependent manner, with complete elimination achieved at a GOD:CAT ratio of 1:3. Intracellular free fatty acid measurements demonstrated that GOD-loaded nanoparticles partially reduced lipid levels, but only the dual-enzyme formulation produced a robust and sustained decrease, indicating synergistic reprogramming of hepatocellular metabolism.
In vivo validation was performed in a mouse model of MASLD established by high-fat diet feeding. Intravenous administration of dual-enzyme nanoparticles for four weeks resulted in marked improvements in liver histology, with hematoxylin–eosin staining showing substantial reductions in lipid droplet accumulation compared to both control and single-enzyme groups. Western blot analysis revealed significant downregulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and upregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), collectively reflecting suppression of de novo lipogenesis alongside enhanced fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis. Furthermore, the dual-enzyme formulation improved systemic metabolic parameters, as evidenced by reductions in serum insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, restoration of intracellular glucose balance, and normalization of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation.
Taken together, these results demonstrate that simultaneous depletion of glucose and H₂O₂ alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction, restores metabolic homeostasis, and significantly reduces steatosis and insulin resistance in MASLD. By integrating substrate control and redox regulation into a single hepatocyte-targeted platform, this dual-enzyme nanoparticle approach provides a comprehensive correction of pathogenic mechanisms that cannot be achieved through single-pathway interventions. The findings not only validate the therapeutic potential of enzyme-based nanomedicine in metabolic liver disease but also provide a strong preclinical foundation for future translational studies.