Radiation therapy (RT) is increasingly used in veterinary oncology, but its effects on vertebral bone marrow and structure remain poorly understood. This retrospective, longitudinal, observational study, which included an interobserver agreement, aime...
Radiation therapy (RT) is increasingly used in veterinary oncology, but its effects on vertebral bone marrow and structure remain poorly understood. This retrospective, longitudinal, observational study, which included an interobserver agreement, aimed to characterize bone marrow signal changes on MRI, quantify trabecular attenuation changes on CT, and examine associations between these changes and vertebral radiation dose. 12 dogs were evaluated using MRI and CT before RT, immediately after, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. On MRI, diffuse T1- and T2-weighted hyperintense marrow signal alterations were observed at the end of RT or within one month in most dogs. Irradiated vertebrae were categorized as markedly altered, mildly altered, or unaltered, and vertebral radiation dose was compared across categories. Markedly altered vertebrae received significantly higher doses (23.3 ± 12.4 Gy) than unaltered (2.8 ± 4.2 Gy, p = 0.005). Moderate but non-significant correlation was noted between dose and time to signal recovery (r = 0.55, p = 0.337), defined as reduction of hyperintensity. On CT, trabecular attenuation was quantified for each vertebra and compared with pre-RT baselines. Trabecular attenuation decreased significantly at one month (−13.3%, p < 0.01) and 3 months (−11.7%, p < 0.01) post-RT, followed by partial recovery, defined as subsequent attenuation increase. No cortical bone changes were observed. While MRI marrow signal changes showed a dose-dependent trend, CT attenuation changes were primarily time dependent and not linearly dose related. These findings suggest that MRI and CT are valuable for early detection and monitoring of radiation-induced vertebral changes.