The persistent energy access gap, particularly in rural regions, requires a rapid and long-term shift away from centralized, unreliable grid infrastructure and expensive, polluting diesel generation toward decentralized renewable energy solutions. Nig...
The persistent energy access gap, particularly in rural regions, requires a rapid and long-term shift away from centralized, unreliable grid infrastructure and expensive, polluting diesel generation toward decentralized renewable energy solutions. Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, has one of the world’s largest energy access deficits, with an estimated 86 to 88.5 million people without grid electricity and a highly unreliable national grid, compelling households and businesses to rely on expensive fossil-fuel generators. This reliance on diesel and petrol, which account for approximately 72% of Nigeria’s energy mix, not only imposes a severe strain on the economy, with generator-supplied electricity in rural areas costing approximately NGN750 per kilowatt-hour, but also contributes considerably to environmental degradation.
This study conducts a thorough techno-economic analysis of a purely renewable Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) to provide a robust, site-specific electrification blueprint for the Kadassaka, Kaddi, and Illela axis in the Gada Local Government Area of the Sokoto region, Northwestern Nigeria. The Sokoto region is well-suited for renewable energy deployment, with excellent solar irradiation (3.3–7.0 kWh/m²/day) and moderate wind potential. The combination of Solar Photovoltaics (PV), Wind Turbines, and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) yields highly efficient, renewable HRES configurations. The fundamental issue addressed is the lack of contemporary, site-specific, and financially robust techno-economic analyses that justify investment in 100% renewable Solar+Wind+BESS HRES tailored to the unique load profiles of these remote communities.
The main objectives of this study were threefold: 1) To optimize the sizing of a Solar Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbines, and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) configuration for reliable power supply using the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro) simulation software; 2) To assess the system’s cost-effectiveness using key financial metrics, including Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), and simple payback period; and 3) To recommend strategic pathways for scaling hybrid renewable energy adoption across rural Nigeria in line with the national Energy Transition Plan (ETP).
The study region, which includes the Kadassaka, Kaddi, and Illela communities, has a high energy demand, with a total daily power consumption of 43,806.67 kWh and a peak load of 7,715.95 kW. The HOMER Pro simulation evaluated three system architectures: a fully renewable HRES (Case 2), a PV+Diesel hybrid (Case 1), and a diesel-only microgrid. The optimization process identified the HRES configuration as the most economically and technically viable solution for minimizing the Cost of Electricity (LCOE).
The optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) configuration, which integrates Photovoltaic (PV), Wind, and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), is sized with a 12,500 kW Flat-Plate PV Array costing $12.5 Million, two Wind Turbine units providing 3,000 kW for $6.0 Million, and a 46,772 kWh LiFe4813N Battery Storage system representing the largest investment ($23.4 Million, alongside a 7,234 kW System Converter costing $1.81 Million, resulting in a Total Initial Capital expenditure of $43.71 Million.
The techno-economic analysis demonstrated the overwhelming financial superiority of the optimal HRES over fossil fuel-dependent alternatives. The optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) configuration (PV+Wind+BESS) outperforms the PV+Diesel (Case 1) and Diesel-Only (Case 3) scenarios in terms of financial and performance metrics, with a significantly lower Net Present Cost (NPC) of $55.99 Million and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of only $0.245/kWh, compared to the Diesel-Only case’s NPC of $189.77 Million and LCOE of $0.8299/kWh. Furthermore, the optimal HRES achieves a 100% Renewable Fraction and a System Autonomy of 20.5 hours, while the Diesel-Only case has a 0% Renewable Fraction and both non-HRES cases have “Low” System Autonomy; the HRES also has a short Simple Payback Period of 2.77 years and a high Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 36.5%, which do not apply to the other two cases.
The optimal HRES achieved a remarkable 67% reduction in LCOE and a 92% reduction in Annual O&M expenses when compared to the PV+Diesel scenario, proving that a purely renewable system is the most cost-effective long-term solution. The system’s 100% renewable fraction and 20.5 hours of system autonomy ensured a reliable, grid-independent power supply. Furthermore, the complete elimination of diesel consumption results in a significant reduction of approximately 7,540 metric tons of CO₂ annually, compared with similar-sized diesel systems. The rapid, simple payback period of 2.77 years and the high Internal Rate of Return of 36.5% make the project an exceptionally appealing investment, even when considering multi-year economic factors such as inflation and component deterioration over the project’s lifespan.
Finally, this paper presents a concrete data-driven framework that validates the techno-economic viability of large-scale, purely renewable HRES in rural Northwestern Nigeria. The findings strongly recommend deploying the optimized PV+Wind+BESS system as a superior choice for fossil-fuel-based microgrids. To facilitate the scaling of hybrid renewable energy adoption, policy recommendations should prioritize de-risking private investment, streamlining regulatory processes for mini-grid development, and building local capacities for system operation and maintenance, thereby providing a clear roadmap for achieving universal energy access in accordance with Nigeria’s national energy goals.