Perovskite/Si tandem solar cells have emerged as a promising next-generation energy conversion technology with the potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single-junction solar cells. To achieve high efficiency, interface engineering ...
Perovskite/Si tandem solar cells have emerged as a promising next-generation energy conversion technology with the potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limit of single-junction solar cells. To achieve high efficiency, interface engineering strategies that suppress charge losses are essential, particularly through the precise hole transport layer design at the junction interface. In this thesis, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are employed as hole transport layers, providing a basis for realizing efficient junctions without compromising individual subcell performance.
As a first strategy, a vacuum-based thermal evaporation process is applied to SAMs, addressing the intrinsic substrate-dependent incomplete surface coverage of solution-processed SAMs. This approach enables the formation of ultrathin monolayers with high packing density and excellent uniformity on the Si surface. The vacuum-deposited SAMs achieve complete coverage without the dummy molecules and increase the work function of the transparent conductive oxide, leading to improvement in open-circuit voltage. As a result, the monolithic perovskite/Si tandem device with vacuum-deposited SAMs achieves a power conversion efficiency of 28.50% with high reproducibility, representing a notable performance advance for tandem solar cells based on commercial PERC-Si bottom cells.
As a second strategy, a fluorine-substituted asymmetric molecular design is developed for methoxy-substituted carbazole-based SAMs to modulate the properties at the SAM/perovskite interface. The asymmetric fluorine substitution enhances molecular dipole moments and work function while shifting the highest occupied molecular orbital to deeper energy levels, thereby improving energy-level alignment between the SAMs and wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers and promoting efficient interfacial charge extraction. Electrical and spectroscopic analyses reveal reduced interfacial defect density and suppressed nonradiative recombination in devices employing fluorinated-SAMs. Density functional theory calculations combined with buried interface analyses further demonstrate that fluorine substitution induces favorable adsorption configurations for hole extraction while mitigating iodine vacancy formation and residual lattice strain, leading to interfacial lattice stabilization. These effects result in suppressed halide segregation, as evidenced by reduced photoluminescence peak shifts under continuous illumination, and significantly enhanced operational stability under both room-temperature and elevated-temperature conditions. Consequently, wide-bandgap perovskite single-junction devices achieve a certified efficiency of 20.14% while retaining 90% of their initial efficiency after 1500 h, and monolithic perovskite/Si tandem devices integrated with commercial PERC bottom cells exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 30.05%, representing the highest performance reported for PERC-based tandem solar cells.
This thesis establishes two effective interface engineering strategies—vacuum-based SAM processing and asymmetric fluorine-substituted SAM molecular design—that enable stable electrical junctions and efficient charge transport in perovskite/Si tandem devices. These principles provide a general framework for achieving both high efficiency and long-term operational stability in various tandem platforms.