ZrO₂ thin films exhibit a metastable tetragonal (T) phase at the nanoscale. Owing to their simultaneously high dielectric constant exceeding 40 and wide bandgap, ZrO₂ thin films have been widely employed as dielectric materials for dynamic random-...
ZrO₂ thin films exhibit a metastable tetragonal (T) phase at the nanoscale. Owing to their simultaneously high dielectric constant exceeding 40 and wide bandgap, ZrO₂ thin films have been widely employed as dielectric materials for dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) capacitors since the early 2000s. In addition, T-phase ZrO₂ is known to undergo an electric-field-induced phase transition to a polar orthorhombic (PO) phase, which is regarded as the origin of ferroelectricity (FE), thereby exhibiting field-induced ferroelectric (FFE) behavior. Because this FFE phenomenon can potentially provide a higher dielectric permittivity than conventional dielectric responses, it has attracted attention as an important mechanism for extending the lifetime of future DRAM devices.
Meanwhile, along with extensive studies on ferroelectricity in fluorite-structured HfO₂-based thin films, recent reports have demonstrated the emergence of FE properties in ZrO₂ thin films as well. Most of these studies focus on undoped ZrO₂, which offers advantages in terms of cost efficiency and process simplicity because no additional doping process is required. Furthermore, cases reporting remanent polarization (Pr) values as high as ~50 µC/cm², comparable to those observed in Hf₁₋ₓZrₓO₂ (HZO) thin films, suggest that undoped ZrO₂ thin films possess sufficient potential for ferroelectric memory applications.
However, the mechanisms underlying the emergence of FE in undoped ZrO₂ thin films remain unclear, particularly with respect to the roles of oxygen vacancies (VO), stress and strain, and grain size, which are well established in HfO₂-based ferroelectric systems. Therefore, systematic investigations into the ferroelectric behavior of ZrO₂ thin films are essential not only to expand their applicability to ferroelectric memory devices but also to prevent unintended FE responses when ZrO₂ is employed as a dielectric material in DRAM capacitors.
In this study, the electrical properties of 10-nm-thick ZrO₂ thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition using a CpZr(NMe)₃ (Cp-Zr) precursor at temperatures ranging from 280 to 310 °C were first investigated. In the pristine state, the films exhibited polarization–electric field (P-E) and current–electric field (I-E) characteristics resembling antiferroelectric (AFE)-like behavior. However, detailed analysis revealed that this AFE-like response did not originate from the formation of a true AFE phase but rather from the superposition of FE and FFE components under an internal bias field. After electric-field cycling, the films evolved toward more conventional FE-like hysteresis behavior. This evolution was governed not by a crystallographic phase transition but by the redistribution of two mechanisms: the relaxation of the internal bias field (Eint) in the FE component and the enhancement of the Eint in the FFE component. These findings provide a new interpretation of the wake-up phenomenon commonly observed in ferroelectric oxides.
Next, the conditions required to achieve stable FE in 10-nm-thick ZrO₂ thin films, where field-induced ferroelectric behavior is generally dominant due to the prevalence of the T phase, were systematically identified. The FE properties improved with increasing deposition temperature (Tdep), which is attributed to temperature-dependent stabilization of specific crystallographic phases. However, this enhancement in ferroelectricity was found to be suppressed by post-metallization annealing (PMA). Structural and chemical analyses revealed that oxygen stoichiometry plays a critical role in the emergence of FE, and that minimizing the concentration of VO is essential for suppressing the T phase and stabilizing the PO phase.
Finally, the effects of mechanical stress and grain size on the FE and FFE properties of ZrO₂ thin films were examined. Because variations in Tdep, dopant species and concentration, or interlayer insertion can induce both stress and chemical changes simultaneously, the stress state of the ZrO₂ thin films was independently controlled by varying only the thicknesses of the top (TE) and bottom (BE) TiN electrodes. As the thickness of the TE TiN increased, the in-plane tensile stress in the ZrO₂ thin films increased, leading to a reduction in field-induced ferroelectric behavior and a simultaneous enhancement of ferroelectric properties. This result indicates that increased in-plane tensile stress promotes the phase transition from the T phase, associated with FFE, to the PO phase, which is responsible for FE.
In contrast, increasing the thickness of the BE TiN induced two concurrent effects: an increase in grain size and a reduction in tensile stress. While grain growth destabilized the T phase and favored the stabilization of the PO or monoclinic (M) phases, the reduced tensile stress acted to suppress the phase transition. Nevertheless, films with larger grain sizes exhibited a greater increase in 2Pr even under smaller tensile stress, suggesting that grain growth lowers the critical tensile stress barrier required for the T-to-PO phase transition.
Overall, this study systematically demonstrates that the electrical properties of ZrO₂ thin films are governed by the coupled effects of physical, structural, and process-related factors that collectively determine FE and FFE behavior. Based on this understanding, it is confirmed that stable FE properties can be realized in undoped ZrO₂ thin films through appropriate control of processing conditions and structural parameters, highlighting their potential for ferroelectric memory (FRAM) applications. Furthermore, the decoupled understanding of FE and FFE components provides a fundamental design guideline for effectively minimizing undesirable Pr when ZrO₂ thin films are employed as dielectric layers in next-generation DRAM devices. The results of this study are expected to contribute to material and process design strategies aimed at improving the performance and reliability of ZrO₂-based memory devices.