1. Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the anti-cariogenic effects of Streptococcus salivarius G7 as an oral probiotic. To this end, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of S. salivarius G7 against Streptococcus mutans were evaluated in in...
1. Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the anti-cariogenic effects of Streptococcus salivarius G7 as an oral probiotic. To this end, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of S. salivarius G7 against Streptococcus mutans were evaluated in in vitro experiments, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. Based on these findings, an in vivo clinical trial was conducted to assess changes in the oral microbial composition and the suppression of cariogenic bacteria in children.
2. Methods
In in vitro experiments, the spent culture medium of S. salivarius G7 was used to evaluate its antibacterial activity against S. mutans and its inhibitory effects on biofilm formation. The expression levels of S. mutans glucosyltransferase genes (gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) were quantified using real-time reverse transcription PCR (real-time RT-PCR). In addition, a saliva-derived biofilm model was established to observe changes in microbial composition.
Subsequently, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted involving 60 children aged 3–12 years who visited a pediatric dental clinic in Gangnam, Korea. The test group received tablets containing S. salivarius G7 for 12 weeks, while the placebo group received tablets without active ingredients under identical conditions. Dental plaque samples were collected at four time points before and during the intervention, and S. mutans and S. salivarius were quantified using real-time PCR (qPCR). Changes in the oral microbiome composition were further evaluated using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.
3. Results
The SCM of S. salivarius G7 inhibited the growth of S. mutans in a concentration-dependent manner, and significantly reduced biofilm thickness and biomass(p < 0.05). The expression levels of gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD were reduced to approximately 65–80% of control levels. In the saliva-derived biofilm model, S. mutans levels markedly decreased, while the proportion of S. salivarius significantly increased, suggesting selective suppression of cariogenic bacteria.
In the clinical trial, the proportion of S. mutans in dental plaque significantly decreased in the test group during the intervention period, whereas the proportion of S. salivarius significantly increased. No significant changes were observed in the placebo group. The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores remained stable in the test group but showed an increasing tendency in the placebo group. NGS-based microbiome analysis demonstrated that the overall structure of the oral microbial community remained stable before and after the intervention. Microbial richness was comparable between time points, and no significant changes were observed in alpha-diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson). Beta-diversity analysis using Bray–Curtis distance indicated high similarity between pre- and post-intervention communities. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between paired samples, suggesting the maintenance of ecological stability within the oral microbiome.
4. Conclusion
S. salivarius G7 exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth, biofilm formation, and related gene expression of cariogenic bacteria in in vitro experiments, and in vivo results demonstrated a reduction in cariogenic bacteria along with a tendency toward the maintenance of overall oral microbiome compositional stability. These findings suggest that S. salivarius G7 may selectively suppress pathogenic bacteria without disrupting microbial balance in the oral cavity. Taken together, S. salivarius G7 appears to have potential as an oral probiotic candidate with expected anti-cariogenic effects.