Few-layer transition-metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (TMPX3) have re-
cently emerged as a prominent class of two-dimensional van der Waals antifer-
romagnets, offering a highly tunable platform for exploring magnetic phases in
reduced dimensions. In...
Few-layer transition-metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (TMPX3) have re-
cently emerged as a prominent class of two-dimensional van der Waals antifer-
romagnets, offering a highly tunable platform for exploring magnetic phases in
reduced dimensions. In this work, we systematically investigate the magnetic
anisotropy of MnPS3 and MnPSe3 and its implications for finite-temperature
magnetism, and we further examine how magnetic anisotropy and domain
structure govern field-driven spin reorientation in NiPS3.
Using first-principles calculations including spin–orbit coupling, comple-
mented by a perturbative analysis, we show that the magnetic anisotropy energy
(MAE) separating out-of-plane and in-plane spin configurations in MnPS3 and
MnPSe3 is dominated by second-order spin–orbit coupling processes involving
both the Mn ion and the chalcogen ion. Notably, we find that the intrinsic
in-plane MAE of few-layer MnPSe3 is extraordinarily small, placing MnPSe3
extremely close to the two-dimensional XY limit, where topological vortex
excitations are expected to control the thermal physics.
To bridge this microscopic anisotropy with macroscopic phase behavior,
we construct an effective spin Hamiltonian parameterized entirely by first-
principles inputs and perform large-scale Monte Carlo simulations. The helic-
ity modulus exhibits the characteristic universal jump and scaling behavior
associated with a Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless (BKT) transition, providing
clear evidence for vortex–antivortex unbinding at a finite temperature. The
resulting transition temperature and thermodynamic trends are consistent
with available experimental data for bulk MnPSe3, identifying MnPSe3 as an
exceptional materials platform in which an ultra-weak in-plane anisotropy
enables a realistic approach to the ideal XY universality class and provides a
concrete microscopic basis for the long-sought realization of the BKT transition
in magnetic materials.
Finally, we investigate field-driven spin reorientation in NiPS3 by augment-
ing a first-principles-based spin Hamiltonian with a Zeeman term and, where
relevant, dipole–dipole interactions, and by analyzing the response in both
bulk and monolayer limits. We show that the magnetization response depends
sensitively on the relative angle ϕ between the applied magnetic field and the
zigzag (N’eel-vector) direction. As a result, macroscopic measurements that
average over multiple coexisting magnetic domains can substantially broaden
the reorientation signature, reducing it to a weak kink rather than a sharp spin-
flop-like anomaly, whereas domain-selected or domain-resolved experiments
should reveal a much clearer and more interpretable transition. From zero-
temperature energy minimization, we find that the field-driven reorientation
in NiPS3 proceeds predominantly through the development of an out-of-plane
component of the N’eel vector, corresponding to an out-of-plane spin-flop-
like motion. This behavior is counterintuitive in light of the conventional
classification of NiPS3 as an easy-plane antiferromagnet, and it highlights the
crucial role of anisotropic exchange interactions (exchange-tensor anisotropy),
beyond a simple local single-ion anisotropy, in reshaping the effective energy
landscape under an applied magnetic field in the presence of the zigzag magnetic
texture.