Telomeres, the termini of linear chromosomes, utilize telomerase to maintain their length. While most human somatic cells undergo replicative senescence due to telomere shortening caused by diminished telomerase activity, cancers overcome this barrier...
Telomeres, the termini of linear chromosomes, utilize telomerase to maintain their length. While most human somatic cells undergo replicative senescence due to telomere shortening caused by diminished telomerase activity, cancers overcome this barrier by maintaining telomere through either telomerase reactivation or a telomerase-independent mechanism known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres(ALT). Previous studies using ALT cancers have expanded the molecular understanding of ALT but could not directly compare the states before and after ALT initiation or illuminate the process of overcoming replicative senescence and telomere crisis. In this study, to gain insights into the initiation process, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on cell populations flanking the timing of initiation using a telomerase-deficient mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) ALT model, which contains both pre- and post-acquisition samples. The results revealed transcriptomic heterogeneity in cells undergoing replicative senescence prior to ALT initiation, specifically showing overexpression of genes related to innate immune responses and DNA replication and damage responses. Interestingly, a rare subpopulation comprising cells from both pre- and post-ALT acquisition stages was identified. This group exclusively overexpressed a subset of two-cell (2C) stage genes, including Zscan4—a key factor governing genomic stability and telomere maintenance in mESCs. To investigate whether this expression pattern is driven by telomere shortening, a TRF1-FokI inducible system was established to generate telomere-specific DNA damage. Using this system, I discovered that telomere DNA damage leads to the overexpression of Zscan4. Furthermore, the potential of Zscan4 overexpression to induce de novo telomere DNA synthesis was experimentally confirmed. Transcriptomic analysis following TRF1-FokI and Zscan4 induction confirmed the consistent upregulation of 2C genes including Zscan4. These findings are expected to contribute to a broader understanding of the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms underlying stable telomere and genome maintenance, extending beyond the mESC-specific ALT initiation process.