Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression, comprising about 15-20% of breast cancers. TNBC is associated with poor...
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression, comprising about 15-20% of breast cancers. TNBC is associated with poor prognosis, rapid progression, high metastatic potential particularly to visceral organs such as lungs and liver. It has limited therapeutic options due to lack of receptors. Metabolic reprogramming, specifically enhanced glycolysis known as Warburg effect, plays a key role in supporting the rapid growth and invasive behavior of TNBC cells.
This study investigates the functional role of Adenylate Kinase 1 (AK1) in regulating glycolysis and metastasis in human TNBC models. Cellular assays demonstrated that overexpression of AK1 led to increased glycolytic flux but did not significantly affect tumor growth or lung metastasis in vivo. In contrast, knockdown of AK1 resulted in reduced cell proliferation, glycolysis, and notably suppressed lung metastatic colonization in mouse model. Transendothelial migration assay further demonstrated the impact of AK1 in tumor cell extravasation, a critical step in metastasis.
Under hypoxic and oxidative stress condition, common in the metastatic microenvironment, AK1 overexpression enhanced cell survival and decreased apoptotic rates, while AK1 silencing promoting responsiveness to stress-induced cell death. These findings highlight the crucial role of AK1 in enabling cells to adjust and survive in the challenging environments encountered at metastatic sites
Real-time metabolic flux analysis confirmed that modulation of AK1 expression altered the balance between glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production, highlighting its role in cancer metabolic plasticity.
Clinically, analysis of patient datasets revealed that elevated AK1 expression is significantly correlated with poorer survival in TNBC patients, making it as a potential prognostic biomarker. Collectively, these results suggest that AK1 manages metabolic reprogramming to promote metastasis and cell survival under stress, highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in TNBC. Future therapeutic strategies targeting AK1 downregulating may improve outcomes in patients with aggressive TNBC.