Background: Plant-based diets are increasingly promoted for chronic disease prevention; however, plant-based eating does not necessarily equate to healthy dietary patterns. In Asian countries such as Korea, traditional plant-based diets coexist with d...
Background: Plant-based diets are increasingly promoted for chronic disease prevention; however, plant-based eating does not necessarily equate to healthy dietary patterns. In Asian countries such as Korea, traditional plant-based diets coexist with dietary Westernization and widening socioeconomic disparities, raising concerns about unhealthy plant-based dietary patterns. Evidence remains limited regarding the socioeconomic and regional determinants of unhealthy plant-based diets, particularly in longitudinal contexts.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Ansan– Ansung cohort. Unhealthy plant-based dietary patterns were assessed using the unhealthy Plant-Based Diet Index (unhealthy PDI) derived from 106-items food frequency questionnaires administered at the second (2005–2006) and eighth (2019–2020) follow-up surveys. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine associations between socioeconomic factors and unhealthy PDI at baseline (second follow-up survey). Interaction analyses assessed whether socioeconomic gradients differed by residential region (rural vs. urban). Longitudinal analyses were conducted to examine changes in unhealthy PDI over time and to assess whether socioeconomic position and residential region modified dietary trajectories among participants with repeated dietary assessments.
Results: At baseline, rural adults had substantially higher unhealthy PDI scores than urban adults (mean ± SD: 53.8 ± 6.7 vs. 47.9 ± 5.9). Lower socioeconomic position was consistently associated with higher unhealthy PDI, including rural residence (urban vs. rural: β = −3.610, p < 0.001), lower household income (high vs. low income: β = −2.112, p < 0.001), lower educational attainment (beyond high school vs. < high school: β = −2.301, p < 0.001), manual occupations (non-manual vs. manual: β = −0.878, p < 0.001), and unmarried status (β = 0.989, p < 0.001). These socioeconomic gradients were markedly steeper in rural areas. In longitudinal analyses, urban residence was associated with increases in unhealthy PDI over time (β = 1.428, p < 0.001), while socioeconomic position did not significantly modify dietary trajectories.
Conclusion: Unhealthy plant-based dietary patterns in Korea are strongly shaped by socioeconomic position and regional context, with rural low-socioeconomic-status adults representing the most nutritionally vulnerable group. While longitudinal changes in unhealthy plant-based diets were modest, pronounced cross- sectional inequalities underscore the need for equity-focused interventions targeting rural food environments to reduce socioeconomic and regional dietary disparities.