Most international development projects aim to advance the Sustainable Development Goals
by building or strengthening social resources. Yet many struggle to sustain these benefits after
donor funding ends. Sometimes this is due to specific project f...
Most international development projects aim to advance the Sustainable Development Goals
by building or strengthening social resources. Yet many struggle to sustain these benefits after
donor funding ends. Sometimes this is due to specific project failures. In other cases, it reflects
a deeper structural mismatch between how donors define “project sustainability” and how
communities actually live with project legacies over time.
This dissertation examines project sustainability as a social construct that is understood
and practiced differently by donors and community members. Donor agencies commonly
follow the OECD DAC definition of sustainability as the continuation of benefits after project
closure, operationalized through managerial indicators. In contrast, community members link
sustainability to ongoing livelihood security, social relationships, and future-making in
changing conditions.
The study analyzes this divergence through an interpretivist qualitative single case study
in the highland communities of Las Abras in Chimborazo, Ecuador, focusing on a bilateral rural
development project that modernized irrigation infrastructure and supported the creation of a
community-managed credit union. Together, these project components formed two
interdependent commons of the communities: water managed through a canal and sprinkler
network, and credit managed through a shared loan fund.
The study draws on donor and public administrative/legal documents across planning,
implementation, and evaluation stages, as well as semi-structured interviews with farmers,
community leaders, and institutional actors. Analytically, it uses Ostrom’s principles of
commons governance and the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework to
examine how rules and institutions operate across levels and over time.
Findings show that micro-level commons institutions were strong. The community
irrigation board (Junta) and the microfinance committee (Caja) developed rules, monitoring,
sanctions, and conflict-resolution practices supported by ethical commitments to reciprocity,
responsibility, and care for future generations. However, these institutions were embedded in a
fragile nested governance system involving meso-level authorities (e.g., a Central Irrigation
Board and the provincial Prefecture) and macro-level regulatory agencies. Political turnover,
regulatory uncertainty, and shocks such as drought and the COVID-19 pandemic increased
vulnerability, producing what this dissertation terms “successful fragility”: locally robust
commons governance sustained within an unstable wider institutional environment.
The dissertation argues that the donor’s perspective is sustainability-as-closure. It
emphasizes timely delivery, standard compliance, and continued functioning of planned
technical outputs. But it cannot adequately explain the adaptive work through which
communities defend and reconfigure commons assets. Community members, by contrast,
frame sustainability as flourishing. They sustain water and credit as “their” commons through
respective robust micro-level governances in order to secure children’s education, remain on
ancestral land with dignity, and pursue a long-term shared vision. Later chapters interpret these
accounts through capabilities-oriented and ethics-informed lenses to explain what people value
and why they participate in the commons governance.
The study also finds that the project created commons for communities and that the
governance of the project-created commons, built by community members, functioned as an
educational process in which participation, conflict, and shock response cultivated new skills
and strategies for collective action. Overall, the dissertation reconceptualizes project
sustainability as the long-term evolution of commons institutions, human capabilities, and
shared meanings within nested governance systems, rather than as a post-closure checklist of
outputs.