Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating disease, with only modest improvements in recent years and a 5-year survival rate that barely exceeds 10%. Accordingly, diverse research efforts are being pursued to improve patient outcomes in this highly letha...
Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating disease, with only modest improvements in recent years and a 5-year survival rate that barely exceeds 10%. Accordingly, diverse research efforts are being pursued to improve patient outcomes in this highly lethal malignancy.
To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular heterogeneity underlying pancreatic cancer progression and discover novel therapeutic targets, we conducted a comprehensive proteogenomic analysis of 198 pancreatic cancer patients. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic datasets, we established a refined molecular classification and discovered previously uncharacterized oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Unsupervised clustering revealed six distinct molecular subtypes, comprising four cancer cell–enriched subtypes and two immunogenic subtypes. Using orthotopic xenograft model of patient-derived cell lines, we demonstrated that aggressive tumor subtype (TS4) tumor exhibits increased proliferative capacity and decreased T cell infiltration compared with immunogenic subtype tumor.
Through integrated mRNA–protein correlation analysis, we identified and functionally validated novel oncogenic candidates associated with poor patient outcomes. Specifically, PPL and PTGES emerged as oncogenic factors, as their elevated expression correlated with reduced patient survival, and their knockdown attenuated cancer cell proliferation and migration. In contrast, KANK1 was characterized as a tumor suppressor, with higher expression predicting improved survival. KANK1 expression was attenuated during pancreatic cancer progression due to copy-number loss and the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Functional analyses revealed that loss of KANK1 promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and motility via activation of ERK signaling.
Together, this study provides a delineated molecular framework for pancreatic cancer subtypes and identifies previously unrecognized oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes using integrative proteogenomic approaches. These findings offer promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for improving personalized clinical management.