Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) shows clear sex-related differences influenced by hormonal and molecular factors, with estrogen generally exerting a protective effect through estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). The NRF2 pathway, a key regulator of oxid...
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) shows clear sex-related differences influenced by hormonal and molecular factors, with estrogen generally exerting a protective effect through estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). The NRF2 pathway, a key regulator of oxidative stress and immune responses, may interact with estrogen signaling, but this relationship in CRC remains poorly understood.
Methods: A total of 300 patients with histologically confirmed CRC, 74 with adenomas, and 35 controls were prospectively recruited. Immunohistochemical staining for ERα, ERβ, AR, and NRF2 was performed on colonic tissue samples. Associations with clinicopathological variables, tumor stage, and survival were analyzed using χ² tests, Pearson correlation, and Kaplan–Meier analysis.
Results: ERβ expression was significantly lower in the advanced-stage, metastatic, and poorly differentiated CRCs, while higher ERβ expression was more frequent in right-sided and early-stage CRCs and was associated with higher BMI and reduced metastasis. High ERβ expression correlated with significantly improved overall and cancer-specific survival (p=0.005 and p=0.010, respectively). A strong positive correlation was found between ERβ and NRF2 expression (r=0.717, p<0.001), suggesting a mechanistic link between estrogen signaling and antioxidative pathways. ERα expression was low and inconsistent, while AR expression showed a favorable survival trend but lacked independent prognostic value.
Conclusions: High ERβ expression was associated with favorable tumor characteristics and favorable survival in CRC, suggesting a tumor-suppressive role potentially mediated through interaction with the NRF2 antioxidative pathway.