In this thesis, we explored the emergent nature of biomolecular phase separation by employing nucleic acid–based model systems capable of precisely controlling the physical properties, composition, and functions of biomolecular condensates. Phase se...
In this thesis, we explored the emergent nature of biomolecular phase separation by employing nucleic acid–based model systems capable of precisely controlling the physical properties, composition, and functions of biomolecular condensates. Phase separation refers to a phenomenon in which two or more liquid components within a mixture form distinct phases, much like how oil and water do not mix. Although such a phenomenon is familiar in daily life, recent studies have shown that it also serves as a key principle in cells, where diverse biomolecules interact to form droplet-like condensates. These condensates play critical roles in biological processes such as cell signaling and gene regulation, and abnormalities in their formation or regulation have been implicated in diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the intricate molecular interactions and complex cellular environments make it challenging to study the properties and functions of these intracellular condensates.
Inspired by the operating principles of phase separation in cells, we designed artificial DNA nanostructures capable of forming condensates in vitro under test-tube conditions. DNA is a widely used material in nanotechnology because it can be precisely programmed at the nanometer scale through sequence-specific base pairing. By finely designing DNA nanostructures, we were able to control the physical properties and composition of the condensates and demonstrate significant reaction acceleration by locally concentrating specific molecular reactants within the condensate interior. Furthermore, we observed that, according to the organizational principles of phase separation, the formation of clusters can occur even below the saturation concentration where macroscopic condensates cannot form, and that such cluster formation can alter biomolecular reaction behavior. These findings suggest that the DNA nanostructure system proposed in this study not only mimics cellular phase separation phenomena but also provides a useful platform for elucidating the underlying thermodynamic, physicochemical, and reaction-engineering principles hidden within complex biological functions.