This study evaluated the ion removal performance of five nuclear-grade ion exchange resins to identify those suitable for operation under the high-pressure and low-temperature conditions of the modular purification system (MMPS) in an innovative small...
This study evaluated the ion removal performance of five nuclear-grade ion exchange resins to identify those suitable for operation under the high-pressure and low-temperature conditions of the modular purification system (MMPS) in an innovative small modular reactor (i-SMR). In this study, the cation exchange resins investigated were NRW150, NRW160, and NRW160LS, while the anion exchange resins were NRW505 and NRW600. The experiments simulated normal operating conditions (150 bar/50 °C) and extreme conditions (150 bar/70 °C). Adsorption experiments were conducted using a peristaltic pump system (for baseline conditions) and an custom HPLC-based setup (for high-pressure conditions), covering single-ion, multi-ion, mixed bed, and scaled-up multi-/mixed-bed scenarios. The physical and chemical stability, as well as adsorption performance, of each resin was assessed under these conditions.
All resins maintained physical and chemical integrity across the tested conditions. Breakthrough curve analysis revealed that NRW160 (cation exchange resin) and NRW505 (anion exchange resin) exhibited the highest adsorption capacities. In the multi-ion tests, compared to ambient conditions, adsorption capacities increased by up to 1.7 times for cations and 2.6 times for anions at 150 bar/50 °C. When temperature increased from 50 °C to 70 °C, cation resin capacity improved by up to 1.2 times, while anion resin capacity decreased by up to 1.6 times. These results suggest enhanced ion diffusion and deeper penetration into the resin matrix under elevated pressure and temperature, contributing to improved adsorption. However, performance degradation of anion resins at 70 °C was attributed to potential thermal degradation, although performance remained superior to ambient conditions.
In mixed-bed tests under normal conditions, the cation(NRW160) and anion(NRW505) resins showed adsorption capacities of 0.66 mol/L and 1.47 mol/L, respectively, demonstrating similar trends to the multi-ion results. The stable and comprehensive performance across all conditions supports the potential application of mixed-bed systems in real reactor environments.
Scale-up experiments using columns approximately six times larger than those in previous tests confirmed that resin functionality and performance remained within acceptable ranges. Although total adsorption capacity slightly declined with increased column length and volume, this can be addressed through design optimization, particularly by adjusting the column length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio to enhance flow uniformity and resin utilization. Additionally, adjusting the resin mixing ratio (cation:anion = 4:1, 1:1, 1:4) revealed performance differences, indicating design flexibility through mix ratio tuning.
Moreover, the resins retained their adsorption performance for key cations such as Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺, even in K⁺-dominant environments where KOH is used for coolant pH control. Based on the i-SMR’s preliminary design specifications and water chemistry standards, the predicted service life of the anion resin under normal conditions exceeded five years. Radionuclide removal performance, particularly for Co-58, further demonstrated that sufficient operational longevity and high removal efficiency can be achieved.
This study experimentally validates the applicability of nuclear-grade ion exchange resins in the high-pressure, low-temperature conditions of the i-SMR MMPS. It offers practical data for establishing water purification system design and operational strategies, and serves as a foundational resource for long-term operation of modular purification systems.