Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits extensive inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity at both molecular and pharmacological levels, complicating treatment prediction and therapeutic decision-making. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) faithfully recapitulate...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits extensive inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity at both molecular and pharmacological levels, complicating treatment prediction and therapeutic decision-making. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) faithfully recapitulate the transcriptomic and clinical characteristics of primary tumors, providing a powerful platform for precision oncology. In this study, we established a living biobank of 35 tumor organoids and 31 matched normal organoids from 31 patients, enabling systematic comparison of tumor-specific signaling programs. Through integrative transcriptomic and pharmacologic profiling, we identified two functional epithelial states, C1 and C2, corresponding to Ras-driven stress-adaptive and MYC-driven proliferative clusters, respectively. C1 was characterized by Ras–JNK (MAPK10)-CDKN1A (p21)-associated stress signaling, whereas C2 exhibited MYC–E2F–DNA damage response (DDR)–linked proliferative activity. These transcriptional states aligned with distinct therapeutic behaviors against the DNA-damaging agent irinotecan, where C1 showing p21-dependent cell cycle collapse, while C2 failed to induce p21 and sustained proliferation despite accumulating DNA damage. Together, this study establishes a multi-omics framework that captures epithelial-intrinsic functional heterogeneity in CRC PDOs and links pathway activity to therapeutic sensitivity, providing a foundation for transcriptome-guided precision strategies in colorectal cancer.