Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing natural dyes in cultural heritage textiles; however, its applicability remains limited due to the weak surface affinity, strong fluorescence, and aggregation behav...
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing natural dyes in cultural heritage textiles; however, its applicability remains limited due to the weak surface affinity, strong fluorescence, and aggregation behavior of many plant-derived dye molecules. Natural dye molecules in plant generally share chromophores composed of aromatic ring-based π-conjugated structures and auxochromic groups such as –OH, –NH₂, and –COOH, which enhance solubility and promote interactions with textile fibers. However, their weak affinity for metal surfaces and tendency to aggregate hinder effective adsorption to SERS substrates. Moreover, previous SERS studies have largely relied on aggregation-based approaches using metal nanoparticles, particularly for anthraquinone dyes, yet these methods often suffer from low reproducibility and limited understanding of dye-substrate interaction mechanisms. This study addresses these challenges by developing a non-aggregated, metal-coordinated SERS strategy inspired by traditional mordant dyeing processes. Bumpy silver nanoshells (AgNS) were functionalized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and incorporated with Fe³⁺ ions to selectively attract non-thiol natural dyes such as tannic acid and shikonin, thereby enhancing adsorption geometry and surface affinity. The Fe³⁺-tethered AgNS@MPA system produced substantially sharper vibrational features and markedly improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), yielding a fivefold and fourfold enhancement for tannic acid and shikonin, respectively, compared with AgNS alone. The increased surface concentration of analytes enabled significantly improved detection limits, lowering from 1 μM to 0.1 μM for tannic acid and achieving an LOD of 0.025 μM for shikonin using an EtOH/H₂O mixed-solvent system. The mixed-solvent strategy effectively disrupted π–π stacking of shikonin molecules and promoted more efficient metal coordination, further enhancing sensitivity. The proposed method was successfully applied to complex plant extracts. Three tannin-based plant extracts were clearly distinguished from one another, demonstrating its capability for resuolving structurally similar mixtures. For shikonin extract, the characteristic shikonin spectrum was detected with significantly improved sensitivity.
In conclusion, by integrating metal-coordination–based surface affinity control with solvent-dependent modulation of molecular aggregation, this study enables highly sensitive, reproducible, and selective SERS detection of natural dyes. Furthermore, by proposing a protocol for identifying optimal SERS detection conditions for different dye molecules, it provides broadly applicable guidelines for future cultural heritage analyses involving diverse natural dyes. The outcomes of this research offer important insights into dye-substrate interaction mechanisms and demonstrate the potential to achieve enhanced SERS spectra and high detection sensitivity for structurally similar yet distinguishable natural dyes. Overall, this work is expected to lay the foundation for a versatile analytical strategy applicable across the field of cultural heritage science.