Otic cytology is routinely used in canine otitis externa to assess microbial burden and inflammation. Evidence that cytological findings are associated with clinical severity, particularly by pathogen group, remains limited. This study aimed to evalua...
Otic cytology is routinely used in canine otitis externa to assess microbial burden and inflammation. Evidence that cytological findings are associated with clinical severity, particularly by pathogen group, remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate associations between otic cytology and clinical severity severity in canine otitis externa, overall and by pathogen group, and to assess the relationship between neutrophil presence and disease severity. A total of 318 client-owned dogs that presented with otitis externa to the dermatology service at the Seoul National University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (SNU-VMTH) between January 2020 and December 2024 were included. Otoscopic examination was performed using a video-otoscope to allow full visualization of the vertical and horizontal ear canals. Clinical severity was then evaluated using the Otitis Index Score 3 (OTIS3), which grades four clinical signs (erythema, oedema or swelling, erosion or ulceration and exudate) on a 0-3 scale to yield a total score of 0-12. Cytology was evaluated using a semiquantitative 0-3 scale for cocci, rods, and Malassezia, based on predefined institutional criteria. Cocci and rods were scored by the number of organisms observed per oil immersion field (0 = 0-1, 1 = 2-10, 2 = 11-40, 3 = ≥41), while Malassezia was scored according to the number of yeasts (0 = none, 1 = 1-2, 2 = 3-8, 3 = ≥9). A total cytology score (0-9) was calculated as the sum of the scores for the three groups. The presence or absence of neutrophils was also recorded. As a result, a positive correlation was observed between OTIS3 and total cytology score (Spearman’s r = 0.45, p<0.0001), indicating a moderate association between clinical severity and cytological burden. OTIS3 increased significantly with higher cocci and rod cytology scores (p<0.0001), whereas Malassezia scores were not significantly related to clinical severity. Across all pathogen groups, OTIS3 scores were consistently higher when neutrophils were present, indicating that cytological evidence of neutrophils reflects greater clinical severity. As a conclusion, Associations between otic cytology and clinical severity of otitis externa varied by pathogen group. Greater clinical severity was associated with bacterial burden and neutrophil presence, while Malassezia counts were less informative. These findings support the interpretation of cytology combined with OTIS3 for assessment and monitoring of canine otitis externa.