Perimenopause is a critical transitional phase characterized by fluctuating and gradually declining estrogen levels, often accompanied by new-onset anxiety and significant cognitive impairments. While regular physical activity is recognized for its ps...
Perimenopause is a critical transitional phase characterized by fluctuating and gradually declining estrogen levels, often accompanied by new-onset anxiety and significant cognitive impairments. While regular physical activity is recognized for its psychological and cognitive benefits, the precise molecular mechanisms—particularly the role of estrogen receptors (ER) in different brain regions—remain poorly understood. Furthermore, although exercise has prophylactic potential in various neurological conditions, it remains unclear whether physical activity performed before hormonal decline can effectively buffer against subsequent perimenopausal symptoms. Therefore, this study utilized a 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-induced mouse model to investigate whether voluntary exercise performed either before (prophylactic) or during (interventional) the perimenopausal transition alleviates anxiety-like behavior and cognitive decline by modulating brain ER expression.
Behavioral assessments revealed that interventional exercise (IE) significantly attenuated both anxiety-like behavior and cognitive deficits. This was evidenced by increased center exploration in the open field test and significantly enhanced spatial recognition memory in the Y-maze spatial recognition test. In contrast, prophylactic exercise (PE) failed to confer statistically significant neuroprotective benefits. These results provide strong empirical support for the "window of opportunity" hypothesis, suggesting that the brain’s responsiveness to behavioral interventions is maximized when the intervention coincides with the active period of hormonal fluctuation rather than preceding it.
At the molecular level, the IE group specifically remodeled subcortical estrogen signaling by significantly downregulating hypothalamic ERα expression and reducing the ERα/ERβ ratio, thereby balancing the neural circuits responsible for emotional distress. Interestingly, while no significant alterations in ER expression were observed in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex, IE significantly suppressed the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in the hippocampus. Notably, the expression of BDNF and GFAP remained stable across all groups, indicating that the cognitive improvements were likely driven by the mitigation of neuroinflammatory damage rather than through direct neurotrophic induction or the reversal of astrocyte activation.
Collectively, these findings demonstrate that voluntary exercise initiated during the perimenopausal transition is a superior strategy for promoting emotional and cognitive resilience. The results propose a "dual-pathway" mechanism of exercise-induced neuroprotection: interventional exercise mitigates anxiety via an ER-mediated pathway in the hypothalamus, while it preserves cognitive function through a non-ER-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway in the hippocampus. This study highlights the necessity of optimizing exercise timing to coincide with the period of hormonal instability to maximize therapeutic efficacy for women’s brain health during the menopausal transition.