Insect herbivores inhabiting temperate forests face a critical dilemma: they must maximize growth within a narrowing phenological window while coping with unpredictable thermal fluctuations. I investigated the energy use strategy of the univoltine saw...
Insect herbivores inhabiting temperate forests face a critical dilemma: they must maximize growth within a narrowing phenological window while coping with unpredictable thermal fluctuations. I investigated the energy use strategy of the univoltine sawfly, Apareophora forsythiae, to determine how it resolves this "time constraint" problem. Using naturalistic fluctuating thermal regimes and varying social contexts, I quantified nutritional dynamics across larval instars and assessed the compensatory regrowth of the host plant, Forsythia koreana, to test the hypothesis of sustainable coexistence.
Our results reveal a fundamental ontogenetic reconfiguration in physiological strategy. In the 2nd instar, larvae employed a risk-sensitive strategy governed by social interactions.
Specifically, solitary individuals prioritized throughput at the cost of metabolic efficiency under fluctuating temperatures. In contrast, gregarious cohorts adopted a strategy of thermal buffering to maintain stable conversion efficiency. By contrast, 3rd instar shifted to a canalized, risk-averse strategy characterized by independent additive effects. In this final stage, fluctuating temperatures accelerated processing speed while aggregation enhanced metabolic efficiency, with higher densities significantly reducing phenotypic variability to ensure metabolic stability. This distinct transition from socially buffered thermal resilience to canalized rapid accumulation enabled larvae to compress their development into a brief window, which can be interpreted as a mechanism to minimize the duration of herbivory. Consequently, the rapid completion of larval feeding proved crucial for the host plant. Although the initial shoots were consumed, the brevity of the feeding period secured a sufficient time window for Forsythia koreana to regenerate new shoots and complete compensatory growth.
As a result, the plant fully restored its functional tissue quality (C:N ratio, specific leaf area). These findings demonstrate that A. forsythiae navigates severe temporal constraints through a sophisticated ontogenetic shift, a mechanism that not only secures reproductive fitness but also facilitates sustainable coexistence with its host.