The hammerhead payload fairing, characterized by a diameter larger than that of the booster stage, is widely adopted in modern launch vehicles to accommodate large satellites; however, the geometric discontinuity at the boattail section induces massiv...
The hammerhead payload fairing, characterized by a diameter larger than that of the booster stage, is widely adopted in modern launch vehicles to accommodate large satellites; however, the geometric discontinuity at the boattail section induces massive flow separation and shock-boundary layer interaction in the transonic regime, leading to a severe aerodynamic instability known as transonic buffet. In this study, numerical simulations were performed to investigate the unsteady flow physics of the transonic buffet and to analyze the effects of geometric parameters using the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation method based on the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. Initially, a sensitivity analysis of flux limiters was conducted to establish an optimal numerical framework, confirming that the Van Leer limiter effectively balances numerical stability with the resolution of turbulent shear layers. The validity of the numerical setup was verified by comparing the surface pressure statistics with NASA Model 11 wind tunnel data, which successfully reproduced the peak pressure fluctuations at the reattachment point. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted by varying the boattail angle and the fairing cylinder length to elucidate their impact on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the buffet. The analysis of the boattail angle revealed a saturation phenomenon where, beyond a critical steepness, the flow physics becomes dominated by free shear layer dynamics, resulting in buffet characteristics almost identical to the baseline configuration. Furthermore, the investigation into the cylinder length demonstrated that extending the cylinder acts as a damping mechanism, reducing the magnitude of pressure fluctuations through frictional dissipation without altering the fundamental buffet frequency or the dominant spatial mode shapes identified by Dynamic Mode Decomposition. These findings provide physical insights into the feedback loop of the buffet phenomenon and suggest that extending the payload cylinder can be an effective strategy to mitigate vibration levels without the risk of shifting the aerodynamic forcing frequency into a new structural resonance band.