Background: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is most often caused by ventral dural defects, which are frequently refractory to epidural blood patch and may ultimately require surgical repair. Conventional microsurgical repair necessitates la...
Background: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is most often caused by ventral dural defects, which are frequently refractory to epidural blood patch and may ultimately require surgical repair. Conventional microsurgical repair necessitates laminectomy and spinal cord manipulation, both of which entail procedural risks. Against this background, this dissertation comprises two investigations: (1) establishment and validation of a novel minimally invasive endoscopic transforaminal sealing technique for ventral dural defects, and (2) characterization of spinal cord herniation (SCH), previously regarded as a very rare late complication, but herein demonstrated to occur earlier and more frequently in the course of SIH.
Methods: A prospective endoscopic transforaminal dural sealing observational study (n=40) assessed the efficacy and safety performed between September 2024 and April 2025. Radiologic remission was defined as complete resolution of spinal longitudinal epidural collections on serial imaging.
In parallel, a retrospective analysis of a prospective SIH cohort (n=92; 2022–2024) evaluated the incidence and risk factors of SCH within 1 year of onset using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. Intraoperative findings during endoscopic surgery were also documented.
Results: All 40 patients undergoing endoscopic sealing achieved complete radiologic remission, with an 82.5% success rate after a single surgery and stepwise improvement over time (p for trend = 0.042). Collagen-based artificial dura was associated with higher success (90.6% vs. 50%, p=0.02). Complications included transient rebound intracranial hypertension (40%) and minor reversible deficits; no permanent neurological deficits occurred.
In the SIH cohort, 8 patients developed SCH at a mean of 174 days post-onset, yielding a cumulative incidence of 10.3% by 1 year and 14.2% by 2 years. Male sex was an independent risk factor (HR 14.43, 95% CI 1.71–121.81). SCH often presented with pseudo-improvement in imaging or symptoms and dynamic cord movement intraoperatively.
Discussion: Endoscopic transforaminal sealing surgery provides an effective and safe minimally invasive option for treating ventral dural defects while avoiding laminectomy and direct spinal cord manipulation. SCH can occur early and more frequently than previously recognized. Together, these findings broaden the understanding of SIH pathophysiology, highlight SCH as an underappreciated complication, and support the adoption of minimally invasive surgical strategies.