Three-dimensional (3D) volume imaging of intact biological tissues has become increasingly important in biomedical research, yet optical heterogeneity of tissue components creates opacity that limits deep tissue visualization. While various tissue cle...
Three-dimensional (3D) volume imaging of intact biological tissues has become increasingly important in biomedical research, yet optical heterogeneity of tissue components creates opacity that limits deep tissue visualization. While various tissue clearing techniques have been developed to address this challenge, each method faces distinct limitations including insufficient transparency, prolonged processing time, tissue deformation, fluorescence quenching, or complex protocols. This thesis presents two complementary optical clearing solutions that I developed to overcome these limitations through optimized formulations.
First, I developed OptiMuS (Optimized single-step optical clearing Method that preserves fluorescence and Size), a simple refractive index (RI) matching solution combining iohexol (75%), urea (4 M), and D-sorbitol (10%). OptiMuS achieves rapid clearing of brain tissues and intact organs (1-mm rat brain in 1.5 hours) with minimal size change (0.93 ± 1.1% shrinkage) while preserving over 90% of endogenous fluorescence signals for at least 4 days. The method outperforms existing aqueous-based clearing techniques in transparency, clearing speed, and size preservation. OptiMuS is fully compatible with lipophilic dyes such as DiI, enabling 3D visualization of vascular structures in whole brain, kidney, spleen, and intestine. Combined with automated 3D morphological analysis software (DXplorer), OptiMuS facilitates quantitative comparative analysis of DiI-labeled glomerular structures in normal and diseased kidneys.
Second, to address the limitations of OptiMuS for deep tissue immunostaining, I developed OptiMuS-prime, a novel passive tissue clearing method that replaces traditional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with sodium cholate (SC, 10%) combined with urea (4 M) and D-sorbitol (10%). SC, a bile salt detergent with smaller micelles (aggregation number 4-16) and higher critical micelle concentration (14 mM) compared to SDS, provides efficient delipidation while minimizing protein denaturation. The addition of urea synergistically enhances tissue penetration through hyperhydration and hydrogen bond disruption. Through Coomassie blue penetration assays, I demonstrated that OptiMuS-prime exhibits superior delipidation efficiency compared to conventional detergents and enables successful immunostaining of various mouse organs (brain, heart, kidney, lung, intestine, spleen) with multiple antibodies (anti-α-SMA, anti-TH, anti-GFAP, anti-Tuj1, anti-NeuN, anti-Iba-1). I successfully applied the method to clear and immunostain challenging samples including whole rat brains (7 days), densely packed post-mortem human tissues (3-5 mm blocks in 4 days), and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids at various developmental stages (D16, D21, D50), enabling single-cell resolution 3D imaging throughout entire tissue depths.
Both methods utilize biocompatible aqueous reagents, require no specialized equipment, and maintain tissue architectural integrity while enabling high-resolution 3D visualization of cellular and subcellular structures. OptiMuS provides a fast, simple RI-matching solution ideal for tissues with preserved endogenous fluorescence or lipophilic dye labeling, while OptiMuS-prime offers comprehensive passive clearing, delipidation, and immunostaining capabilities for diverse biological samples. Together, these complementary approaches provide accessible, versatile solutions for section-free 3D imaging across multiple spatial scales—from whole organisms to individual cells—making advanced tissue clearing technology widely applicable without requiring extensive technical expertise.