Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) require mechanistically defined strains that endure gastrointestinal stress and satisfy stringent safety benchmarks. This dissertation implements an integrated discovery-to-engineering pipeline that couples genome-s...
Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) require mechanistically defined strains that endure gastrointestinal stress and satisfy stringent safety benchmarks. This dissertation implements an integrated discovery-to-engineering pipeline that couples genome-scale characterization with targeted molecular manipulation and orthogonal phenotypic validation across three complementary probiotic platforms. Chapters are organized to align each strain with a therapeutic axis: gluten detoxification for celiac disease, antioxidant reinforcement for colitis, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)–mediated modulation for metabolic disorders.
Chapter 2 evaluates a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EG025 strain selected for robust gliadin degradation under physiologically relevant pH conditions. EG025 hydrolyzed gliadin efficiently across a broad pH range, showing near neutral optimum while retaining at least 86% of maximal activity under alkaline conditions, and after transient acid exposure its gliadin hydrolysis recovered to about 76%. In acid tolerance, the strain showed 62.5% survival after 6 hr at pH 2. In 0.5% bile it remained at 92.6% at 2 hr and 61.0% at 12 hr, which approximates the human intestinal environment, indicating transit resilience compatible with functional delivery to the small intestine. Whole genome analysis identified four probiotic function gene sets, genes linked to gliadin peptide degradation, mucosal adhesion, acid and bile resistance, and de novo vitamin biosynthesis, and high-quality whole genome assembly confirmed the absence of virulence and horizontally transferable antibiotic resistance determinants while secondary metabolite loci suggested ecological competitiveness without compromising safety. By degrading immunogenic gluten peptides before mucosal exposure, EG025 is positioned as a candidate chassis for adjunctive management of celiac disease.
Chapter 3 evaluates Lacticaseibacillus paracasei EG005 as an antioxidant probiotic candidate with potential relevance to intestinal inflammation. EG005 exhibited superior SOD-linked antioxidant activity compared with L. rhamnosus GG and maintained strong viability under gastrointestinal stress conditions. The strain sustained survival above 80% for six hours in 0.3% bile and recovered to approximately 100% viability after three hours at pH 2.5, indicating robust tolerance to gastric and intestinal environments. Phenotypic safety assessments further supported its suitability for probiotic application because EG005 showed γ-hemolysis without hemolytic activity and remained susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics except for intrinsic kanamycin resistance. Genomic evaluation confirmed a complete and high-quality 3.07 Mb genome lacking acquired antibiotic-resistance determinants or virulence genes. Functional annotation revealed a full oxidoreduction repertoire including sodA, nox, glutathione- and thioredoxin-oxidoreduction system related genes, and three biosynthetic gene clusters which are associated with host-protective or immunomodulatory functions. Comparative structural analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions at positions 42, 113, and 114 in SOD did not alter active site geometry or the conserved folding. sodA overexpression identified the tuf promoter as the most effective for enhancing antioxidant activity, nearly doubling antioxidant activity. Together, these findings indicate that EG005 combines strong oxidative-stress mitigation capacity with high survival during gastrointestinal transit and comprehensive phenotypic and genomic safety, supporting its applicability as therapeutics with potential relevance to colitis management.
Chapter 4 develops a Levilactobacillus brevis EG040 platform with GABA hypersecretion as a therapeutic lever for metabolic disorders. Quantitative screening established EG040 as a high GABA producer, reaching 28.8 g/L, indicating that the wild type meets a production threshold suitable for genome editing. Probiotic properties were confirmed with phenotypic assays, acid tolerance showed survival of 57.9% after 3 hr in simulated gastric fluid, bile tolerance showed survival of 51% after 6 hr in 0.5% bile, and Caco-2 adhesion measured 66.5%, together indicating oral transit robustness and mucosal engagement compatible with delivery to intestinal metabolic targets. Safety assessment results confirmed γ-hemolysis only, and antibiotic susceptibility showed no acquired resistance beyond intrinsic profiles. In addition, a high completeness genome assembly revealed no acquired antibiotic resistance or virulence factors, indicating a secure genetic safety baseline as well as additional loci with potential host benefit, including polyketide synthase and lanthipeptide clusters. In CRISPR-Cas9 based genome editing results, gadR overexpression increased extracellular GABA to 49.8 g/L, about 38% compared with the wild type, and improved by 19% of survival in simulated gastric fluid relative to the EG040 wild type, indicating that transcriptional activation elevates output while strengthening acid resilience without compromising bile tolerance, adhesion, or safety. Collectively, these results support the potential of EG040 to modulate host metabolic disorders through enhanced GABA secretion.
This research leverages concurrent phenotypic assessment and genomic interrogation to close the genotype–phenotype loop and de-risk translation. Specifically, it employs whole-genome sequencing with comprehensive annotation, antiSMASH for secondary-metabolite prospecting, ABRicate-based safety screens, COG profiling, and whole-genome-based phylogenetic analysis alongside acid and bile tolerance assays, Caco-2 adhesion testing, hemolysis and antibiotic susceptibility evaluations, enzyme activity and substrate degradation assays, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and RT-qPCR. This combined approach provides actionable insights into mechanism, target selection, and stability, enabling precise attribution of therapeutic traits to genetic architecture and guiding rational strain engineering.
Collectively, the dissertation demonstrates a generalizable framework for building safe, mechanism-driven probiotic chassis. By aligning EG025 with celiac disease through gluten detoxification, EG005 with colitis through antioxidant reinforcement, and EG040 with metabolic disorders through GABA secretion, the work establishes a coherent foundation for advancing live biotherapeutics toward clinical application.