Efficient electrocatalysts must provide optimal binding sites for reaction intermediates under operating conditions. However, dynamic atomic rearrangements during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) inevitably alter the original structu...
Efficient electrocatalysts must provide optimal binding sites for reaction intermediates under operating conditions. However, dynamic atomic rearrangements during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) inevitably alter the original structure of active sites, obscuring the structure¬-performance relationships and hindering rational catalyst optimization. Inspired by metallurgical principles, this thesis proposes a general framework to predict and control the reconstruction of copper (Cu)-based binary alloy catalysts during CO2RR.
Cu alloy electrocatalysts have attracted great interest for CO2RR because alloying enables precise tuning the electronic and coordinative structure of Cu, thereby enhancing the controllability of product selectivity. However, the chemical complexity of alloy systems leads to intricate reconstruction dynamics, hindering reaction pathway control. In this thesis, a unified framework to predict and regulate the reconstruction of Cu alloys is firstly established in terms of selective dissolution-redeposition. Through metallurgical classification of metal elements, we demonstrated the key thermodynamic factors governing reconstruction behavior in alloy catalysts. Building on this finding, a kinetic control methodology has been established to regulate dissolution-redeposition processes that are thermodynamically-favored under static CO2RR conditions. This approach enables the in situ evolution of nanostructures, varying in size, density, and microstructure, and leads to substantial enhancement in C2+ selectivity, regardless of alloy type or electrolyte pH.
The first focus is to elucidate a fundamental and universal principle governing the reconstruction behavior of Cu-based binary alloys under high-rate CO2RR conditions. By classifying metal elements based on their miscibility and oxophilicity with Cu, the relationship between these thermodynamic descriptors and the preferential dissolution and redistribution of constituent metals was systematically investigated. Furthermore, adsorption of reaction intermediates, particularly *CO, were found to alter the dissolution energetics of alloy constituents, thereby breaking the conventional oxophilicity-based order observed in classic corrosion science. Finally, it was found that the in situ formation of Cu adparticles, evolved only in immiscible alloys, acts as superior active sites for C2+ production, exhibiting enhanced selectivity toward C2H5OH over C2H4.
The second focus is to establish a methodology for controlling adparticle structures, whose formation was shown to depend strongly on the thermodynamic properties of alloy materials. Inspired by metallurgical quenching, in which rapid cooling bypasses thermodynamically favored microstructures, potential pulsing was employed to kinetically steer alloy reconstruction by regulating dissolution, redeposition, and surface migration processes. Corrosion analysis guided the rational design of pulse protocols across different alloy types and electrolyte pH. Tuning the anodic potential enabled precise control over adparticle size, density, composition, and defect structures, yielding defect-rich Cu domains that favored C2+ production even in acidic electrolytes where C-C coupling is typically suppressed. Furthermore, operando mechanistic studies revealed the critical role of anodic potential in modulating the surface redox and intermediate binding dynamics during pulsed CO2RR. These findings can provide fundamental insights into the governing principles of reconstruction control.
In this thesis, catalyst reconstruction during CO2RR was redefined, transitioning from a chaotic phenomenon to a controllable process for the dynamic catalyst design. By applying metallurgical principles to the electrochemical systems, the key descriptors for predicting reconstruction trends in alloy catalysts were elucidated. Furthermore, a design principle for pulsed operation was established to reconstruct the active sites toward desired configurations, providing robust strategy for operando catalyst optimization. This framework can be extended beyond binary alloys to multi-component and multi-phase catalyst systems, providing a generalizable basis for the rational design of selective, durable, and industrially relevant CO2RR catalysts.