Since magnetism arises from electron spins that are inherently odd under time reversal, time reversal symmetry breaking (TRSB) is a defining characteristic of magnetic order. However, unlike ferromagnets where spontaneous magnetization makes TRSB self...
Since magnetism arises from electron spins that are inherently odd under time reversal, time reversal symmetry breaking (TRSB) is a defining characteristic of magnetic order. However, unlike ferromagnets where spontaneous magnetization makes TRSB self-evident, many antiferromagnetic and unconventional magnetic phases exhibit vanishing net magnetization. In such systems, the magneto-optical Kerr effect, a definitive optical probe of TRSB, becomes minute and difficult to distinguish from environmental noise. Therefore, the investigation of these distinct magnetic states requires a measurement technique capable of separating intrinsic TRSB signals from reciprocal background.
In this thesis, I investigate the two distinct magnetic systems: the canted antiferromagnetism in Sr2IrO4 and the altermagnetism in MnTe. To achieve this, a fiber-based loop-less Sagnac interferometer is utilized. Because of its common-path geometry, it rejects all reciprocal signals arising from both the sample and the experimental background, enabling the resolution of tens of nanoradian-level non-reciprocal phase shifts essential for probing TRSB signals.
In the first part of the thesis, I investigate the local magnetic behavior of Sr2IrO4. By analyzing the symmetry of magnetization as a function of the magnitude and direction of the external magnetic field at various positions, I identified an Ir-O-Ir bond-directional nematic order that emerges after the spin-flip transition and constrains the spin orientation. Furthermore, spatially resolved scanning of the sample revealed that this order exhibits a distinct spatial distribution. Finally, I constructed a model Hamiltonian, which successfully reproduced the observed magnetic behaviors.
Later in the thesis, I briefly present the observation of a non-reciprocal optical response in altermagnetic MnTe. In recent reports, MnTe exhibits the anomalous Hall effect and spin-splitting in the electronic band structure, which verifies the broken time-reversal symmetry in this material. In this thesis, using the Sagnac interferometer, I report the optical signatures of TRSB in MnTe. Notably, the signal measured in zero-field after field cooling decreases sharply around 120 K. I attribute this behavior to the thermal randomization of the altermagnetic domains.