Objective: This study tracked longitudinal changes in the gut microbiome of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. It follows maturation by gestational age, examines links with major medical treatments and neonatal morbidities, and aims t...
Objective: This study tracked longitudinal changes in the gut microbiome of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. It follows maturation by gestational age, examines links with major medical treatments and neonatal morbidities, and aims to inform clinical practice.
Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 339 neonates in intensive care. Infants were classified as very preterm, moderate to late preterm, or full term by gestational age. Stool samples were collected from birth to six months of corrected age. The microbiome was profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Group comparisons, diversity analyses, and multivariable linear regression were used to assess associations with clinical factors.
Results: Microbiome development showed close association to gestational age (GA). Preterm infants had a higher early relative abundance of Proteobacteria than full term infants, and this dominance intensified during hospitalization. Across groups, alpha-diversity reached its lowest point before discharge and then recovered at four to six months, forming a V-shaped pattern. Infants with necrotizing enterocolitis showed a stalled transition toward Firmicutes with persistent dominance of Proteobacteria, consistent with dysbiosis. In multivariable models, GA was the strongest independent predictor of longitudinal change across several phyla. Delayed achievement of full enteral feeding was independently associated with a significant decrease in Verrucomicrobia.
Conclusions: In infants receiving intensive care, the gut microbiome follows similar yet distinct developmental paths by GA. The intensive care environment acts as a driver of dysbiosis. Early enteral nutrition appears important for healthy ecological assembly in the gut.