Plants perceive photoperiodic changes through photoreceptors to regulate diverse physiological processes and adapt to changing environmental conditions. ZEITLUPE (ZTL), a blue light receptor containing a LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage-sensing) domain and f...
Plants perceive photoperiodic changes through photoreceptors to regulate diverse physiological processes and adapt to changing environmental conditions. ZEITLUPE (ZTL), a blue light receptor containing a LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage-sensing) domain and functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, undergoes phase-specific degradation and interacts with Pseudo Response Regulator 5 (PRR5) and GIGANTEA (GI) to control circadian rhythm and flowering. Here, I investigated the functional importance of the residue 151 in ZTL, which diverged into isoleucine in dicots and methionine in most monocots during evolution.
To assess functional differences in vivo, I used AtZTL from Arabidopsis and OsZTL1 from rice as representative ZTL proteins and introduced reciprocal substitutions (AtZTL I151M and OsZTL1 M164I) into Arabidopsis. The earlier flowering of OsZTL1 M164I compared with OsZTL1, together with the altered FT rhythmic expression, suggests that this residue influences flowering regulation even in homologous proteins. Although both substituted proteins accumulated to higher abundance, their functional activities were reduced in protein analyses under various conditions, as PRR5, a proteolytic target, showed delayed degradation, and the interaction between the substituted ZTL proteins and GI was reduced even under blue-light treatment.
Collectively, this study suggests that the 151st residue in the LOV domain of ZTL induces functional divergence, such as protein abundance, the activity of the E3 ligase, and regulation of circadian rhythm through the complex with GI. In addition, this residue may be involved in optimizing physiological responses to or sensing photoperiod in plants. Furthermore, it may contribute to understanding how photoreceptors with LOV domains recognize signals and to developing photoreceptor-based biotechnological applications.