This dissertation presents a semiconductor-based beamforming system for 5G and 6G networks enabled by electromagnetic phase control. Because 5G and 6G mobile communication environments suffer from severe path loss and blockage, highly directive beamfo...
This dissertation presents a semiconductor-based beamforming system for 5G and 6G networks enabled by electromagnetic phase control. Because 5G and 6G mobile communication environments suffer from severe path loss and blockage, highly directive beamforming architectures are required. In particular, precise electromagnetic phase control is indispensable for realizing such highly directive beamforming systems. Accordingly, this study provides practical technologies for implementing high-performance beamforming by developing an RFIC-based circuit for precise phase control, proposing a phasecontrol-enabled simplified MIMO antenna measurement system, and investigating Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) as a key hardware platform for beam manipulation. First, in the RFIC domain, a low phase-error vector modulator employing a transformer-type coupler and a varactor is proposed. To mitigate the frequency-dependent quadrature signal error inherent in filtertype I/Q generators, a tunable I/Q generator was designed using two couplers and a single varactor. This approach maintains a 90° phase difference between the quadrature signals over a wide frequency range. Moreover, the proposed CMOS-based circuit achieves low RMS phase error while simultaneously providing high gain. Second, in the antenna measurement domain, this dissertation proposes a MIMO antenna measurement system for compact over-the-air (OTA) environments by employing a PIN-diode-based transmissive metasurface as a wavefront manipulator. By operating the structure as an RIS, the incident wavefront is reshaped into a spatially uniform field distribution, thereby forming a far-field-like quiet zone even in the near field and enabling a simiplified antenna measurement configuration. In particular, the reconfigurability of the RIS allows precise quiet-zone formation over a wide frequency range. Moreover, by introducing a reference-phase concept, a more uniform wavefront can be synthesized at short measurement distances. Finally, in the spatial domain, this dissertation proposes a wafer-level transmissive RIS realized through semiconductor fabrication. By leveraging semiconductor processes to fabricate the active components required for RIS operation, a fully embedded unit-cell architecture is enabled. In particular, the proposed Spatial Overlap Diode (SOD) allows joint control of the on-resistance and off-capacitance, thereby enhancing the unit-cell performance. In addition, to overcome the high dielectric characteristics of the wafer substrate, magnetic coupling is incorporated into the signal transmission path, which enables high-efficiency unit-cell operation. Experimental results confirm a meaningful gain improvement and beam-steering capability of up to −45◦ to +45◦. Overall, this work presents an integrated beamforming platform that extends the concept of semiconductor based phase control across the circuit, measurement, and spatial domains, and provides a practical technological foundation for realizing high-performance beamforming in next-generation 5G and 6G wireless communication systems.