Repairing large segmental bone defects remains a major challenge in orthopedics because the affected region must recover both its mechanical integrity and biological function. Conventional reconstructive options, such as autologous bone grafting, vasc...
Repairing large segmental bone defects remains a major challenge in orthopedics because the affected region must recover both its mechanical integrity and biological function. Conventional reconstructive options, such as autologous bone grafting, vascularized bone transplantation, and distraction osteogenesis have been widely applied, but they are often limited by donor-site morbidity, prolonged treatment time, and insufficient mechanical stability for early functional recovery. To overcome these limitations, three-dimensional (3D) printing of patient-specific implants (PSIs) has emerged as a promising single stage strategy that enables precise anatomical restoration and tailored mechanical properties. Porous titanium alloys such as Ti6Al4V have been particularly effective in PSI fabrication, offering high strength, biocompatibility, and controlled porosity that promotes osseointegration while minimizing stress shielding.
However, despite these advantages, the long-term success of PSIs largely depends on securing adequate primary mechanical stability during the early postoperative period with a reliable fixation method, so that the implant remains firmly positioned until bone healing is achieved. In most current PSI designs, fixation is achieved through non-locking screw holes, which depend on plate-to-bone compression for stability. This mechanism is sensitive to bone quality and can deteriorate under cyclic loading, leading to loosening and delayed healing. In contrast, locking plate systems provide fixed-angle stability through mechanical interlocking between the screw and plate, offering improved rigidity and fatigue resistance. Yet, applying locking fixation to 3D-printed implants has been technically challenging, as additive manufacturing lacks the precision to form robust internal threads. Locking holes are therefore typically created by post-printing machining, which increases cost, prolongs fabrication time, and introduces potential deviations from the original digital design. These limitations highlight the need for a more efficient and fully integrated locking fixation method for 3D-printed PSIs.
This dissertation presents a comprehensive investigation into the direct integration of a locking plate system into 3D-printed titanium implants to enhance primary stability and promote osseointegration in segmental bone defect reconstruction. Three consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility, biomechanical performance, and biological effects of this approach using titanium PSIs.
In Chapter 1, the mechanical reliability of additively manufactured locking screw holes was assessed. Given the technical limitations of directly printing fine threads, the study evaluated whether 3D-printed locking interfaces could achieve comparable strength to conventionally machined threads. Push-out tests and mechanical evaluations confirmed that, under optimized conditions, the printed threads provided sufficient locking strength, validating the feasibility of integrating locking systems directly into 3D-printed implants without additional machining. Having verified this feasibility, the next step was to determine whether the newly implemented 3D-printed locking fixation actually provides mechanical advantages over nonlocking fixation within the same PSI design.
In Chapter 2, the biomechanical characteristics of locking and nonlocking fixation methods were compared under controlled in vitro conditions. Using synthetic bone models, the study demonstrated that locking constructs exhibited higher yield load under bending and maintained their torsional stiffness more effectively under cyclic loading, resulting in superior fatigue resistance and overall structural durability compared with nonlocking constructs. These results indicate that locking fixation provides superior primary stability, which is essential for preventing excessive micromotion and ensuring mechanical durability in the early postoperative period.
In Chapter 3, the in vivo effects of locking versus nonlocking fixation were examined in a rabbit femoral defect model. Over a 12-week observation period, the locking group showed enhanced osseointegration, more extensive mineralized callus formation, and more uniform bone remodeling around the implant compared with the nonlocking group. Histological and micro-CT analyses confirmed that the superior initial mechanical stability provided by locking fixation translated into improved biological healing outcomes.
Collectively, this work demonstrates that integrating a locking plate system directly into 3D-printed titanium implants is both technically feasible and biologically advantageous. These findings suggest that locking fixation can improve the clinical performance of PSIs in the treatment of segmental bone defects, particularly in high-load-bearing applications or cases with compromised bone quality.