Subclinical endometritis, typically defined by elevated endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the absence of clinical abnormalities, is a well-established cause of reduced fertility in postpartum cows. However, little is known about wheth...
Subclinical endometritis, typically defined by elevated endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the absence of clinical abnormalities, is a well-established cause of reduced fertility in postpartum cows. However, little is known about whether comparable subclinical inflammatory processes occur in pre-breeding heifers, which have not yet undergone calving-associated tissue remodeling or experienced the metabolic and microbial perturbations of lactation. As postpartum diagnostic criteria may not be appropriate for heifers, this study aimed to identify preliminary, heifer-specific indicators of early uterine inflammation by integrating cytological, immunological, microbial, hematological, and reproductive measurements within a unified analytical framework.
Eight healthy Holstein heifers were sampled seven days prior to embryo transfer. Endometrial cytology revealed a continuous range of PMN values from zero to 15%. Retrospective evaluation demonstrated that a threshold near 5% was most informative for predicting fertility outcomes. Among heifers with PMN below 5%, three of four conceived successfully, whereas none with PMN at or above this level maintained pregnancy. Although sample size limited statistical power, logistic modeling and contingency analysis supported a consistent negative association between PMN% and conception probability. Serum cytokine measurements showed that IL-6 concentrations increased in parallel with PMN values, indicating localized immune activation even in the absence of detectable IL-1β or TNF-α.
Uterine microbiota analysis revealed marked ecological differences between low and high PMN groups. Heifers with elevated PMN%s demonstrated substantially reduced alpha-diversity and significant beta-diversity separation, reflecting early disruption of microbial stability. Differential abundance analyses conducted through ANCOM-BC, LEfSe, and MaAsLin2 consistently identified Oscillospiraceae_NK4A214_group as an inflammation-sensitive genus. Additional genera enriched in low PMN heifers, including Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Monoglobus, Mailhella, Parasutterella, and Alistipes, are associated in ruminant systems with short-chain fatty acid production and mucosal homeostasis. Their reduced abundance in higher PMN animals suggests a functional loss of barrier stabilizing and immune modulating microbial groups during early inflammatory progression.
In addition to inflammation-associated taxa, MaAsLin2 identified several genera specifically enriched in heifers that successfully conceived, including Faecalibacterium, Prevotella_7, Parabacteroides, Luteimonas, Methylorubrum, Aerococcus, and Enhydrobacter. These pregnancy-associated genera were not linked to PMN-related inflammation, suggesting that uterine receptivity may be influenced by microbial features independent of cytological status.
Complete blood count parameters generally remained within physiological intervals, indicating that early uterine inflammation in heifers may remain localized and is not necessarily accompanied by systemic hematologic alterations. Nevertheless, mild inter-individual variability suggested that CBC provides supportive contextual information when interpreted alongside PMN%, cytokine levels, and microbiota composition.
Taken together, these results demonstrate that modest increases in endometrial PMN%, concurrent elevations in IL-6, early loss of short-chain fatty acid associated genera, and reduced conception success are closely interconnected in pre-breeding Holstein heifers. A preliminary PMN threshold of 5% appears biologically meaningful in identifying early uterine inflammation that compromises embryo receptivity. Integrating cytological, immunological, and microbial biomarkers provides a heifer-specific diagnostic framework that may enhance early detection of reproductive risk and guide more effective embryo transfer management strategies within dairy production systems.