Background
Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is rising worldwide and is known to affect the gut environment of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Given the limited availability of patient-level multi-omics data, we examined whether UP...
Background
Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is rising worldwide and is known to affect the gut environment of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Given the limited availability of patient-level multi-omics data, we examined whether UPF intake correlates with distinct gut microbial or metabolic profiles and adverse clinical characteristics in Korean IBD patients.
Methods
Diet was measured with a validated food-frequency questionnaire and classified using the NOVA system. UPF intake was calculated as a percentage of total energy, and participants were grouped into UPF-low (Q1–Q2) and UPF-high (Q3–Q4). Fecal samples were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Associations between UPF intake and clinical features were tested using Spearman correlations, ANOVA-derived η², and point-biserial correlations.
Results
There was a significant difference in microbial beta-diversity between UPF-low and UPF-high groups. Higher UPF intake was linked to an overabundance of pro-inflammatory pathobionts and a depletion of anti-inflammatory commensals. Metabolomics revealed activation of inflammatory pathways, and integrated analyses showed significant associations between dysbiotic taxa and pro-inflammatory metabolites. Within NOVA UPF categories, sugar-sweetened beverages, ready-to-eat dishes, and packaged snacks and confectioneries were most strongly associated with these adverse profiles. Clinically, sugar-sweetened beverage intake was significantly associated with higher CRP levels and upper GI involvement for Crohn’s Disease (CD).
Conclusion
Greater UPF consumption, especially from certain NOVA categories, aligns with gut dysbiosis and a pro-inflammatory metabolomic profile, which in turn is associated with less favorable clinical features in IBD patients. These results offer patient-based multi-omics evidence and highlight actionable dietary targets for IBD management.