Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been implicated in neuromuscular decline and white matter injury, but longitudinal evidence linking cerebral motor tracts to muscle strength is scarce. We studied 1,128 community-dwelling adults (mean age 58.22 years)...
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been implicated in neuromuscular decline and white matter injury, but longitudinal evidence linking cerebral motor tracts to muscle strength is scarce. We studied 1,128 community-dwelling adults (mean age 58.22 years) who underwent polysomnography, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and hand grip strength (HGS) testing at baseline and after four years. Participants were categorized as OSA-free, resolved, incident, or persistent. Linear mixed-effects models showed that HGS declined with age across all groups, whereas upper-extremity motor tract counts increased overall, pronounced recovery in individuals with resolved OSA and relative declines in those with incident or persistent OSA. Notably, the resolved OSA group also exhibited the smallest numerical decline in HGS over time. Together, these findings indicate that OSA-related neural and functional alterations are not fixed and that improvement of OSA may enable recovery of motor white matter structure and attenuation of age-related muscle strength loss.