Perceptions of vegan food as healthier alternatives differ according to cultural and market contexts. This study aimed to evaluate whether vegan food products represent healthier options than their animal-based counterparts. The processed vegan foods ...
Perceptions of vegan food as healthier alternatives differ according to cultural and market contexts. This study aimed to evaluate whether vegan food products represent healthier options than their animal-based counterparts. The processed vegan foods and their animal-based counterparts from the dairy and meat categories were analyzed. Each category was divided into relevant subcategories: cheese, milk, and ice cream for the dairy category, and patties, sausages, poultry, red meat, and cold cuts for the meat category. Products were collected from representative supermarkets and vegan online stores in South Korea (E-Mart and Loving Hut) and Spain (Hipercor and Mi Tienda Vegana). A total of 53 vegan food products from South Korea and 307 from Spain were included. In the ingredient analysis, the predominant protein sources and used additives in each product were identified. The mean and standard deviation of energy, fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, sugars, protein, and sodium were calculated. Likewise, a modified Health Star Rating (ks-HSR) adapted to the context of South Korea and Spain, and the NOVA classification system were applied to provide a more comprehensive assessment of healthiness. Dairy substitutes primarily utilized nuts and seeds in South Korea (31.8%) and Spain (26.7%). Legumes were the predominant protein source in vegan meat products in both countries. The South Korean and Spanish dairy food markets showed a similar reliance on nutritional fortifiers and texture-related additives, while in the case of vegan meat products, thickeners and flavorings were commonly used as the main additives in both countries. Regarding nutritional composition, vegan dairy products in both South Korea and Spain exhibited substantially lower protein, energy, fat, and sugar contents compared with animal-based dairy products. Vegan meat products in both South Korea and Spain contained lower saturated fat but markedly higher carbohydrate and sugar contents than their animal-based counterparts. With respect to the HSR, the results showed that vegan food in South Korea and Spain received scores comparable to or higher than their animal-based counterparts in patties, sausages, cold cuts, and dairy products, whereas vegan cheese scored lower. In South Korea, similar proportions of dairy and meat products exceeded an HSR score of 3.5 (≈50%), whereas Spain showed a larger category gap, with 59.6% of vegan dairy and 68.3% of vegan meat products exceeding this threshold. Among ultra-processed (NOVA 4) vegan food products, approximately 45% of both dairy and meat categories in South Korea exceeded an HSR score of 3.5, compared with 53.0% of dairy products and 62.6% of meat products in Spain. Overall, processed vegan products cannot be unequivocally classified as healthy when compared with their animal-based counterparts in either country. Therefore, these results suggest the need to decouple vegan food products from the presumption that they are inherently healthier. From an industrial perspective, this highlights the need to promote the reformulation of processed vegan products toward more nutritionally balanced profiles.