Theta oscillations are central to theories of episodic memory and spatial navigation in both human and nonhuman animals. Yet, increasing evidence using intracranial EEG and MEG suggests that human hippocampal theta waves consist of functionally distin...
Theta oscillations are central to theories of episodic memory and spatial navigation in both human and nonhuman animals. Yet, increasing evidence using intracranial EEG and MEG suggests that human hippocampal theta waves consist of functionally distinct slow and fast sub-bands, with the traditional range of 4-8 Hz associated with spatial cognition and a slower oscillation of 2-4 Hz frequently associated with memory processing. The extent to which these sub-bands can be reliably identified and functionally dissociated in human scalp EEG, however, remains unclear. In this study, we recorded 32-channel EEG from 29 adults performing an episodic memory (EM) task requiring memory for object identity, spatial location, and temporal order in virtual rooms. To test for task-specificity, all participants also completed a word memory task (Word), requiring pairwise temporal order judgments from a list of visually presented words. Power spectral analyses during both memory tasks revealed two prominent peaks within the 2–9 Hz range, clustering around 2–4.5 Hz and 5.5–8.5 Hz, which we refer to as slow and fast theta, respectively. Both sub-bands showed task-related increases relative to fixation, but with distinct profiles. Slow theta exhibited widespread enhancement during encoding and retrieval and was consistently related to behavioral performance. In the Word task, slow theta power in the frontal channels predicted accuracy, and temporal/central channels during EM encoding predicted faster and more accurate retrieval. Fast theta, on the other hand, showed weaker associations with memory performance but selectively increased over occipital–parietal sites during the EM task and was modulated by the crossing of a spatial boundary in the middle of the room, particularly over right temporal channels. In the Word task, fast theta was modulated by the crossing of semantic boundaries in the middle of the word list, particularly over the left frontal temporal channels. These results indicate that slow and fast theta sub-bands are separable and behaviorally meaningful even in human scalp EEG recordings, with slow theta supporting domain-general episodic integration and fast theta preferentially engaged by spatial and boundary-related processing.