Sedimentary facies and architectural element analysis of the Cretaceous Jeokgakri Formation in the Tongri Basin, Taebaek and Samcheok cities, central eastern Korea, were conducted to reconstruct depositional processes. Thirteen facies, including six s...
Sedimentary facies and architectural element analysis of the Cretaceous Jeokgakri Formation in the Tongri Basin, Taebaek and Samcheok cities, central eastern Korea, were conducted to reconstruct depositional processes. Thirteen facies, including six subfacies, were identified. These comprise: (1) Mud-matrix massive gravelstone (Facies Gm1/Gm2), (2) Sand-matrix massive gravelstone (Facies Gs1/Gs2), (3) Horizontally stratified gravelstone (Facies Gh), (4) Cross-bedded gravelstone (Facies Gx), (5) Patch of gravelstone (Facies Gp1/Gp2), (6) Gravelly sandstone (Facies gS), (7)-(10) Massive- to crudely stratified sandstone/muddy sandstone/sandy mudstone/mudstone (Facies S/mS/sM/M), (11)-(12) Patch of sandy mudstone/muddy sandstone (Facies sMp/mSp), (13) Cross-stratified sandstone (Facies Sx). These facies are interpreted as the products of cohesive debris flow (Gm), cohesionless debris flow or hyper-concentrated flow (Gs, gS), streamflow (Gh, Gx, Gp2, Sx), and overland flooding or mudflow (Gp1, S, mS, sM, M, sMp, mSp). Based on the facies, internal and external geomorphic architecture, three architectural elements, Scour Fills (Element SCF), Stacked Gravel Sheets (Element SGS), and Stacked Fines (Element SF) were identified. These are interpreted as a scour-and-fill process, aggradation of low-relief gravel sheets, and aggradation of overflooding flows, respectively, indicating deposition within an alluvial fan environment.
Analysis of the spatial distribution and vertical stacking patterns of architectural elements and their constituent facies reveals three key findings. (1) SF element distribution and maximum clast size, together with paleo current data, collectively indicate that the Jeokgakri Formation was an east-to-west developed alluvial fan depositional system, (2) Down-fan trends are process-dependent, likely associated with infiltration and related flow characteristics, and (3) Large-scale retrogradation-progradation patterns are recognized, which might indicate involvement of structural movements during the basin evolution. The facies-architectural model of an alluvial fan based on the Jeokgakri Formation may provide a more detailed framework for interpreting an alluvial fan that comprises various processes.