Idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) is defined as the early onset of puberty resulting from premature activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Although the incidence of CPP in girls has increased markedly in recent year...
Idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) is defined as the early onset of puberty resulting from premature activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Although the incidence of CPP in girls has increased markedly in recent years, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of target genes and are recognized as important epigenetic regulators of pubertal development. MiRNAs encapsulated within exosomes are stably present in the circulation and can cross the blood–brain barrier, making them promising biomarkers that may reflect central regulatory mechanisms. Apart from reports describing increased expression of miR-30b-5p during puberty, human studies investigating miRNAs associated with CPP remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize serum exosomal miRNA expression profiles in girls with CPP and to explore their functional relevance in pubertal regulation.
This cross-sectional study included 19 girls aged 6–8 years, comprising 9 girls with CPP and 10 age-matched prepubertal controls. Serum exosomes were isolated, and miRNA sequencing was performed using the Ion Torrent S5 platform. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) between groups were identified, and their biological significance was evaluated through pathway enrichment and network-based analyses using the TargetScan, KEGG, and SIGNOR databases. Finally, a leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV)-based least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) approach was applied to identify an optimal miRNA panel for CPP discrimination.
A total of 1,734 serum exosomal miRNAs were detected, of which 120 were upregulated and 114 were downregulated in the CPP group compared with controls. Hierarchical clustering revealed distinct global miRNA expression profiles between CPP and control samples. Several miRNAs previously linked to pubertal onset, including let-7, miR-29, miR-429, miR-7, miR-15a, and miR-664, were among the DEmiRNAs. Notably, miR-30b-5p was significantly upregulated (fold change = 1.8, adjusted p = 0.01), supporting its reported role in HPG axis activation via suppression of MKRN3. Topology-integrated pathway analysis revealed activation of endocrine and neurodevelopment-related pathways, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone, estrogen, thyroid hormone, growth hormone, and Wnt signaling, whereas metabolic and inflammatory pathways such as MAPK, AGE–RAGE, AMPK, FoxO, and mTOR signaling were suppressed in the CPP group. A seven-miRNA diagnostic panel consisting of miR-451a, miR-22-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-15a-5p, miR-17-3p, miR-19b-3p, and miR-29b-3p was derived, which clearly discriminated CPP from controls within this dataset (AUC = 1.00), although it did not completely distinguish CPP from premature thelarche.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that serum exosomal miRNA expression profiles in girls with CPP differ significantly from those of prepubertal controls, reflecting a coordinated network of endocrine activation and metabolic adaptation. These findings provide new insights into the epigenetic regulation of pubertal onset and suggest that exosomal miRNAs may serve as potential non-invasive biomarkers for CPP.