Solid-state drives (SSDs) are widely deployed in systems where device lifetime and operational efficiency directly affect the system cost and sustainability. A key lever for optimization is the Write Amplification Factor (WAF), the ratio of physical t...
Solid-state drives (SSDs) are widely deployed in systems where device lifetime and operational efficiency directly affect the system cost and sustainability. A key lever for optimization is the Write Amplification Factor (WAF), the ratio of physical to host writes. The NVMe Flexible Data Placement (FDP) standard provides a powerful mechanism to control WAF by allowing the host to direct writes to specific Reclaim Groups (RGs) and Reclaim Unit Handles (RUHs). This capability enables fine-grained hot/cold data segregation and isolated, group-local Garbage Collection (GC).
However, FDP-capable SSDs, especially those with multi-RG support, are not yet widely available, which hinders the systematic evaluation of placement policies. To address this issue, we extended NVMeVirt, a software-defined NVMe device emulator, to support FDP semantics. We implemented per-(RG,RUH) append pointers and a per-RG GC architecture, enabling controlled and repeatable experiments to analyze various data placement strategies in a hardware-free setting.
The result of a comprehensive evaluation across three levels (raw-device, filesystem and application ones) demonstrates the effectiveness of FDP-based placement. Our experiments yield significant WAF reductions of 51%, 10.8%, and 29.7%, respectively, accompanied by a 39% throughput increase at the raw-device level. Furthermore, under a lifetime-aware sustainability model, annual carbon emissions (kgCO2e/yr) decrease in direct proportion to these WAF reductions. Consequently, this work quantifies the impact of FDP placement policies on endurance, performance, and sustainability.