Decarbonizing the construction sector has increasingly highlighted the importance of managing embodied carbon. Many governments worldwide have recognized this issue and introduced regulations based on whole life carbon (WLC), which includes both opera...
Decarbonizing the construction sector has increasingly highlighted the importance of managing embodied carbon. Many governments worldwide have recognized this issue and introduced regulations based on whole life carbon (WLC), which includes both operational and embodied carbon, while promoting embodied carbon mitigation within national carbon neutrality efforts. In contrast, Korea’s building-sector carbon neutrality strategy has tended to prioritize operational carbon, and comprehensive national-scale data and studies on embodied carbon emissions remain limited.
In response, this study employed a dynamic material flow analysis (dMFA) to quantify long-term changes in residential floor area, construction material stocks and flows, and resulting embodied carbon emissions in Korea’s residential building from 1962 to 2050. Furthermore, scenario analyses were conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential of embodied carbon reduction strategies that reflect Korea’s policy context and resource-use characteristics, linking reductions in new construction demand, material production, waste generation, and embodied carbon emissions.
The results indicated that the total residential building stock in terms of floor area was projected to continue increasing until 2044. Among residential building types, reinforced concrete (RC) multi-family housing had become the dominant typology since the 1990s, and the demolition and reconstruction of RC apartments completed after the 1990s were found to play a critical role in shaping future material flows and embodied carbon emissions. Annual material production for residential buildings increased by a factor of 142 between 1962 and 2023 and was projected to decline after the 2030s, whereas construction and demolition waste generation was expected to continue increasing through 2050. Concrete and steel were found to dominate both material production and waste flows, accounting for more than 90% of the total in 2023. Annual embodied carbon emissions increased sharply from 1962 to 2023, reaching approximately 2–4% of Korea’s total national greenhouse gas emissions. Although annual embodied carbon emissions were projected to decline in the future, emissions from the end-of-life stage were expected to account for an increasing share.
Scenario analysis showed that when each of the four embodied carbon mitigation strategies was applied individually, annual embodied carbon emissions in 2050 could be reduced by 16–42% compared to the baseline scenario, while cumulative emissions from 2024 to 2050 can be reduced by 5–24%. When all strategies were implemented simultaneously in an integrated scenario, annual embodied carbon emissions in 2050 were reduced by 79%, and cumulative emissions from 2024 to 2050 were reduced by 37% relative to the baseline. The mitigation pathway of the integrated scenario is consistent with Korea’s national carbon neutrality pathway and demonstrates the potential to contribute meaningfully to climate change mitigation from a carbon budget perspective. Moreover, the results highlight that substantial emission reductions can only be achieved when mitigation efforts address both embodied and operational carbon within a whole life carbon framework.
This study represents the first national-scale analysis of embodied carbon emissions in Korea. By systematically enhancing previously limited information on material flows and embodied carbon emissions in the building sector at the national level, this study highlights the importance of embodied carbon management and provides a scientific basis for establishing future carbon neutrality pathways and whole life carbon–based policies in the building sector.