This dissertation evaluates the Republic of Korea’s industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation pathways under the joint influence of domestic mitigation ambition, structural erosion of manufacturing competitiveness, and tightening international trad...
This dissertation evaluates the Republic of Korea’s industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation pathways under the joint influence of domestic mitigation ambition, structural erosion of manufacturing competitiveness, and tightening international trade regulation.
Motivated by analytical challenges revealed during Korea’s 2030 NDC setting process, the analysis examines how near-term mitigation decisions interact with longer-term structural adjustment in emissions-intensive industries and draws implications for industrial target setting under the 2035 NDC framework.
The dissertation argues that industrial mitigation potential cannot be credibly assessed through technology deployment alone.
When manufacturing activity is subject to persistent competitiveness pressure and trade-related cost shocks, emissions pathways emerge from a shifting balance between output adjustment and technology transition.
This balance varies systematically across mitigation pathways and over time, with activity-driven adjustment dominating in the near term and technology-led decarbonization becoming increasingly decisive in the longer run.
To capture these interactions, the dissertation constructs an integrated scenario framework structured along three analytically distinct dimensions.
The first dimension represents the national mitigation pathway and is defined by three benchmark trajectories.
ERT reflects the continuation of Korea’s recent emissions trends under currently implemented policies, serving as a reference pathway with relatively modest additional constraints.
R53 corresponds to a mid-range strengthening of ambition consistent with ongoing discussions surrounding Korea’s 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).
R65 represents a higher near-term ambition profile, featuring more rapid emissions reductions before 2035, while—like R53—converging to net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050.
The second dimension introduces manufacturing competitiveness erosion, operationalized through empirically estimated deviations between projected sectoral activity trajectories and an internally consistent model reference path under a competitiveness-aligned GDP projection.
The third dimension incorporates international trade regulation, including the application of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to steel and chemicals from 2030 onward, as well as U.S. tariff measures affecting Korean steel exports.
Empirically, the dissertation documents a sustained slowdown in Korea’s long-run economic growth.
Structural-break tests identify a regime shift in the late 1990s, followed by a persistent decline in trend GDP growth consistent with the “one percentage point per five years” pattern documented by Se-Jik Kim.
Sector-level demand estimation reveals substantial heterogeneity across emissions-intensive industries.
Iterated Generalized Method of Moments estimates indicate relatively high income responsiveness—particularly in iron and steel and cement—alongside markedly stronger price sensitivity than is typically assumed in global integrated assessment models.
Building on these estimates, an ensemble trend modeling framework projects industry-specific activity paths through 2050.
Competitiveness erosion is quantified by comparing these empirically grounded demand trajectories with internally consistent reference demand paths generated under the baseline assumptions of GCAM-SNU, which incorporate Korea’s long-run GDP slowdown and estimated sectoral elasticities.
The resulting deviations are embedded in the model to capture heterogeneous, sector-specific declines in industrial activity.
International trade regulation is incorporated through an explicit cost-based representation.
The model first solves counterfactual scenarios without trade measures to derive region-specific carbon prices—distinguishing Korea, the EU-27, and the rest of the world—as well as baseline Korean steel production costs.
CBAM is implemented as an effective increase in production costs for Korean exports, calculated from the post–free-allocation carbon price gap between Korea and the EU-27 and weighted by technology-specific carbon intensities.
In parallel, U.S. trade measures are represented as ad valorem border costs applied to Korean steel prices, translating external trade regulation into endogenous cost shocks within the model.
Simulation results indicate that industrial mitigation outcomes depend jointly on mitigation ambition and production-side structural conditions.
By 2035, modeled industrial emission reductions relative to 2018 range from 15–36% under ERT, 32–38% under R53, and 51–53% under R65.
The dispersion of industrial reduction outcomes is largest under lower near-term ambition and narrows as mitigation targets become more stringent, implying that identical headline targets can translate into markedly different industrial adjustment burdens once competitiveness erosion and trade regulation are made explicit.
Within the industrial sector, mitigation is systematically reallocated toward emissions-intensive core industries under competitiveness and trade pressure.
Under the Twin Burden scenarios, additional abatement by 2035 is concentrated in iron and steel, chemicals, and cement, creating relative emissions headroom for other manufacturing activities.
At higher ambition levels, aggregate industrial reductions converge across scenarios, yet the internal distribution of mitigation continues to differ substantially, underscoring the importance of intra-industrial reallocation mechanisms.
A central finding concerns the evolution of mitigation mechanisms under the Twin Burden and the role of roadmap-based research and development (RD) support.
Without RD, competitiveness erosion and trade-related cost pressures are absorbed primarily through persistent output contraction in emissions-intensive industries.
With RD, mitigation progressively shifts toward technology-led adjustment after the mid-2030s, reducing emissions intensity and weakening the long-run link between mitigation and output loss.
While RD initially reshapes the composition of mitigation, it ultimately enables deep decarbonization alongside partial recovery of industrial activity, most notably in iron and steel.
Trade regulation effects are most pronounced in the early adjustment period and in highly trade-exposed sectors, operating mainly through activity reductions around 2030–2035.
As domestic mitigation ambition strengthens and regional carbon prices converge, the independent influence of external trade costs diminishes relative to the dominant role of domestic carbon pricing and persistent competitiveness dynamics.
The dissertation makes three contributions.
Theoretically, it shows that applying standard global IAM assumptions to an economy such as Korea—where manufacturing remains central yet faces sustained external competitive pressure—can blur the distinction between technology-driven decarbonization and activity-driven mitigation.
By reinterpreting residual efficiency gain parameters and exogenous technology preference parameters as structural indicators of accumulated competitiveness erosion, the analysis provides a clearer analytical separation between these channels.
From a policy perspective, the results underscore that evaluation of Korea’s 2035 NDC critically depends on the strength and temporal profile of the mitigation pathway.
Identical headline targets can imply fundamentally different industrial adjustment processes once competitiveness conditions and trade-related cost pressures are taken into account.
The findings further highlight the pivotal role of roadmap-based RD support in alleviating near-term, activity-driven adjustment pressures and enabling a transition toward technology-led decarbonization.
Methodologically, the dissertation develops a three-stage iterated simulation framework that embeds empirically grounded industrial behavior within an internally consistent integrated assessment model.
The framework integrates carefully estimated industrial demand elasticities, ensemble-based growth trends, endogenous carbon-price formation, and border-adjustment cost construction within a unified modeling system.
Overall, the analysis shows that Korea’s industrial emissions pathways—and the allocation of mitigation burdens within and across industries—are not mechanically determined by mitigation targets alone, but emerge from the interaction between pathway ambition, structural competitiveness change, international trade regulation, and RD support.
Evaluating the 2035 NDC therefore requires a pathway-based integrated assessment that explicitly captures these interactions—an analytical role fulfilled by the GCAM-SNU framework developed in this study.