Background and Objectives: Climate change is a critical global issue, and the healthcare sector accounts for 4.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Analyzing the carbon footprint of medical strategies is crucial for choosing more sustainable practic...
Background and Objectives: Climate change is a critical global issue, and the healthcare sector accounts for 4.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Analyzing the carbon footprint of medical strategies is crucial for choosing more sustainable practices, especially when clinical outcomes are comparable. However, it remains unknown which strategy minimizes environmental impact, among fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided and intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS)-guided strategies for intermediate stenosis coronary artery lesions. This study aims to compare the environmental impact of these strategies by analyzing their carbon footprint based on the FLAVOUR (Fractional Flow Reserve and Intravascular Ultrasound Guided Intervention Strategy for Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Intermediate Stenosis) trial, thereby informing more eco-friendly healthcare decisions.
Methods: In the FLAVOUR trial, 1,682 patients were randomly assigned to FFR and IVUS groups. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed in 44.4% of the FFR group and 65.3% of the IVUS group. Despite this difference in PCI rates, the primary outcome, a composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI, or revascularization showed no significant difference during both 24 months follow-up and 6.3 years extended follow-up. To evaluate total greenhouse gas emissions during study period, we assessed carbon footprints associated with (1) PCI, (2) MI, and (3) revascularization without MI. For each patient, total carbon emissions were calculated by summing the emissions associated with each event during the follow-up period and compared between the FFR and IVUS groups. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using low-intensity and high-intensity inpatient emission values per hospital day. Finally, a 30-year Markov model was developed to simulate and compare long-term carbon emissions between the two strategies.
Results: Over a 2-year follow-up, FFR guided strategy was associated with significantly lower carbon footprint compared with the IVUS-guided strategy (80.1 versus 105.6 kgCO2e; p<0.001). The initial PCI-related carbon footprint was significantly lower in the FFR group than in the IVUS group (58.2 versus 85.6 kgCO2e; p<0.001). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the two groups in carbon footprints related to MI or revascularization without MI. Furthermore, the carbon footprint of the FFR group remained lower than that of the IVUS group during the extended follow-up (103.8 versus 119.4 kgCO2e; p<0.001). The estimated 30-year carbon footprint was 9.9 kgCO2e lower in the FFR group, with the difference largely attributable to emissions generated during the initial PCI.
Conclusion: In the FLAVOUR study, both the 2-year and extended follow-up analyses demonstrate that the carbon footprint was significantly lower in the FFR group than in the IVUS group. Most of this difference was attributable to the lower rate of initial PCI in the FFR group. These findings were consistent across the sensitivity analyses, and the cumulative 30-year simulated carbon footprint was also lower in the FFR group. The FFR-guided strategy may represent a more environmentally sustainable treatment option for patients with intermediate coronary artery stenosis.