Soft bioelectronic devices require materials and fabrication strategies that enable seamless integration with dynamic and curved biological tissues. However, conventional thin-film electronics often rely on rigid, high-modulus materials, which limit c...
Soft bioelectronic devices require materials and fabrication strategies that enable seamless integration with dynamic and curved biological tissues. However, conventional thin-film electronics often rely on rigid, high-modulus materials, which limit conformal contact, increase interfacial impedance, and reduce long-term stability during in vivo operation. Hydrogels, with their intrinsic softness, high water content, and ionic conductivity, offer attractive opportunities as interface materials; however, challenges remain in achieving high electrical performance, material uniformity, and robust integration with stretchable electronic platforms.
This dissertation establishes functional hydrogels as a unified material platform for next-generation bioelectronic interfaces, addressing fundamental challenges in tissue–device coupling through integrated material design and fabrication strategies. First, a homogeneously conductive hydrogel chemically bonded to stretchable electronic substrates is developed to realize a low-impedance and mechanically stable tissue–device interface. By embedding conductive fillers within a hydrated polymer network and forming covalent bonds across hydrogel–metal and hydrogel–elastomer interfaces, the resulting system exhibits frequency-independent low impedance, strain-insensitive electrical performance, and durable adhesion under repeated mechanical deformation. When applied to bioelectronic electrodes, this hydrogel-based interface significantly reduces interfacial impedance compared to conventional ionically conductive hydrogels or metal electrodes, enabling high-fidelity electrophysiological recording on dynamic tissues.
Building on this interface strategy, this work further extends hydrogel-based integration toward multifunctional and monolithically integrated bioelectronic systems. An all-hydrogel electronic skin patch is developed by integrating conductive, adhesive, and insulating hydrogels into a single soft platform using scalable patterning and integration techniques. This multifunctional patch enables conformal contact with wounded skin while supporting stable electrical stimulation, iontophoretic drug delivery, and impedance-based physiological monitoring. In vivo studies demonstrate that the hydrogel-based electronic skin patch accelerates wound closure while simultaneously enabling continuous monitoring of wound-related impedance signals, highlighting its capability for both active therapy and real-time diagnostics.
Collectively, this dissertation demonstrates that hydrogels can serve not only as passive soft interfaces but as actively engineered, multifunctional building blocks for bioelectronic devices. By unifying electrical performance, mechanical compliance, adhesion, and biological compatibility within a single material framework, this work provides fundamental design principles and practical integration strategies for long-term, reliable bioelectronic systems targeting wearable and tissue-interfacing biomedical applications.