Recently, there has been tremendous interest in advanced devices based on nanomaterials, while various defects such as vacancies, grain boundaries, and dislocations existing in the materials generate additional electronic states called charge traps. T...
Recently, there has been tremendous interest in advanced devices based on nanomaterials, while various defects such as vacancies, grain boundaries, and dislocations existing in the materials generate additional electronic states called charge traps. The localized states between the conduction band and the valence band hinder the flow of charge carriers by multiple trapping and release of carriers during transport. Specifically, the multiple trap-and-release process by traps largely affects various carrier transport properties, such as bandgap, short-circuit current, and conductivity, under different external stimuli. It is crucial for a fundamental understanding of various electrical properties of materials to analyze the effects of traps originating from defects on the local transport properties under various external stimuli.
In this dissertation, we discuss the effects of defects on local carrier transports via scanning noise microscopy based on a conducting atomic force microscopy(AFM) with an energy selectivity.
First, the nanoscale mapping of charge trap-induced local bandgap variations in an organic-inorganic halide perovskite film in a solar cell structure will be discussed. Here, wavelength-dependent photocurrent and effective trap density maps are measured using a photoconductive noise microscopy with wavelength selectivity. A Localized bandgap map was obstained by analyzing the photocurrent maps in the same scanned region. Interestingly, we observed that the effective trap density exhibits a power-law relationship with the localized bandgap variation. Localized traps near the band edges effectively reduce the bandgap, indicating that the spatially-varying traps in the perovskite are a key factor affecting a photoconductive property of perovskite-based solar-cell film structure.
Next, the nanoscale mapping of molecular vibration-induced charge trap activities in a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin film via vibrational noise microscopy with a bias selectivity will be discussed. The vibrational noise microscopy is a noise analysis method for identifying a dominant local vibrational mode by mapping the spatial distribution of vibrational noises. It was found that, when the bias voltage applied between the conducting probe and the substrate matches a vibrational mode energy, the vibrational noise increases due to polarons generated by electron–phonon interactions during hopping transport. Notably, by analyzing how molecular vibration–induced traps that generate vibrational noise affect the local conductivity, we observed that the locally varying density of these traps exhibits a power-law relationship with the conductivity.