Under reign of thermodynamics, balancing between entropically driven disordering and energetically favored ordering forms various macroscopic phases determined by temperature. Finite speed cooling down from disorder to order induces causally separated...
Under reign of thermodynamics, balancing between entropically driven disordering and energetically favored ordering forms various macroscopic phases determined by temperature. Finite speed cooling down from disorder to order induces causally separated nonequilibrium phase transitions, leading to locally independent spontaneous symmetry breaking and inhomogeneous ordering. Different ordering in adjacent cite merges into larger scale through coarsening, forming several domains instead a homogeneous phase. Coarsening process slows down when the domain boundaries fully develop, or stabilised by topological defects, or as diabatic driving ceases, eventually determining the domain size. This length scale of ordering and the timing of its emergence exhibit power-law scaling, resulting smaller domains for faster cooling rates. This behavior occurs universally across from the water-ice phase transition, crystal growth, metallurgy and geology, to the early evolution of our universe.
Zel'dovich expected the formation of cosmological defects during the cosmic phase transitions that break higher symmetry. To estimate their number, the Kibble mechanism was suggested and later generalised by Zurek to be realisable in condensed matter systems, forming the foundation of the universal Kibble-Zurek (KZ) mechanism. This attributes the emergence of power-law scaling to the breaking of adiabaticity by critical slowing down, where the correlation length freezes out shortly before the transition and dictates the final length scales. However in atomic superfluid experiments, beyond KZ phenomena are observed, including inhomogeneity-enhanced exponent, defect saturation at fast quenches, and post-transition cooling rate dependencies. This implies that the post-transition coarsening can affect the power-law scaling by substantially expanding the length scales. Does coarsening preserve or replace the Kibble-Zurek scaling established before the phase transition? Consequently, when the power-law length scaling of final ordered phase is truly determined, before or after the transition?
In this thesis, ultracold strongly interacting atomic Fermi gas experiments and numerical methods based on stochastic projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation (SPGPE) are used to decouple the Kibble-Zurek mechanism and coarsening process. Previously, quantitative observation of the Kibble-Zurek scaling from the experiment was limited by coarsening and the strong causal effects from inhomogeneity. To unveil this, a high performance programmable optical trap was developed to obtain a large area homogeneous sample via feedback optimisation, through which the universal Kibble-Zurek mechanism was observed along various quench trajectories. Furthermore, numerical simulations reveal that the coarsening process overshadows and replaces the Kibble-Zurek mechanism with a newly emerged power-law scaling of exactly the same form. This shows that length scale of ordering can evolve differently from that of fluctuations. In conclusion, I discuss the true origin of the emergence of power-law scaling in superfluid phase transitions, which applies universally to both weakly interacting Bose gases and strongly interacting Fermi gases. Ultimately, the cooling rate dependency of length scales in a wide range of systems with either discontinuous or continuous phase transitions can be explained by a universal coarsening mechanism.